[Figure 4-1]. Before using a global positioning system (GPS) as the sole means of navigation, students should be taught the basics, Under each main point in a lesson, the subordinate points should lead naturally from one to another. Regardless of the method of development or depth of coverage, the success of the teaching lecture depends upon the instructors ability to communicate effectively with the class, In other methods of teaching such as demonstrationperformance or guided discussion, the instructor receives direct reaction from the students, either verbally or by some form of body language. SBT is a powerful tool because the future is unpredictable and there is no way to train a pilot for every combination of events that may happen in the future, Should promote situational awareness and opportunities for decision-making, Collaboration (two or more people working together) to solve problems has been used throughout time. The following paragraph is an example of one such accident, "The private pilot was on a visual flight rules (VFR) crosscountry flight when he began encountering instrument conditions. All refer to the same thing, the behavior of the student, These objectives provide a way of stating what performance level is desired of a student before the student is allowed to progress to the next stage of instruction. Rehearsals, or dry runs, help smooth out the mechanics of using notes, visual aids, and other instructional devices. This is necessary because it is very important that each student perform the maneuver or operation the right way the first few times to establish a good habit. When properly used, they help gain and hold the attention of students. The lecture method is adaptable to many different settings, including small or large groups. Faulty habits are difficult to correct and must be addressed as soon as possible. In recent years, video (VHS, compact disks (CDs), digital video disks (DVDs), or computer files), and computer slide shows incorporating text, graphics, video, and animations, have pushed aside traditional training aids. In many cases, visual symbols and slogans can replace in-depth explanations. While there are subtle nuances to the different terms which include computer-assisted learning (CAL), computerassisted instruction (CAI), computer-based training (CBT), and computer-based instruction (CBI), this handbook will use the term "computer-assisted learning" in the following discussion, Computer-assisted learning (CAL) couples the personal computer (PC) with multimedia software to create a training device. The video adds a multimedia element to the lecture, is a good attention getter, and can be used to visually demonstrate the learning objective, Even the most knowledgeable instructor must properly organize the material. Effective use of questions may result in more student learning than any other single technique used by instructors. The instructor should remember that the more intense the discussion and the greater the participation, the more effective the learning. Carefully selected charts, graphs, pictures, or other well-organized visual aids are examples of items that help the student understand, as well as retain, essential information, Ideally, instructional aids should be designed to cover the key points and concepts. Efforts in this area pay great dividends in terms of quality of instruction. In addition, since each domain includes several educational or skill levels, training objectives may easily be adapted to a specific performance level of knowledge or skill. The body of the lecture follows with a summary of the lectures main points at the end, The teaching lecture is favored by aviation instructors because it allows some active participation by the students. Moreover, the student should feel a personal responsibility to contribute. B. want to escape from frustrating situations. In aviation, the term "training syllabus" is commonly used and in this context it is a step-by-step, building block progression of learning with provisions for regular review and assessments at prescribed stages of learning. As training becomes more detailed and complex, instructor-oriented materials can be a valuable instructional aid for aviation instructors. Instructional CDs and DVDs, in comparison, are perceived as much less exciting and less stimulating visually. Remember, a good inflight scenario is more than an hour of flight time; it is also a learning experience. The introduction should include an attention element, a motivation element, and an overview of key points. Sequencing also can be enhanced simply by using overlays on transparencies, stripping techniques on charts and chalk or marker boards, and by imaginative use of magnetic boards. The airlines, as well as aeronautical programs at some colleges and universities, have used similar facilities for many years, Another type of computer-based technology, virtual reality (VR), creates a sensory experience that allows a participant to believe and barely distinguish a virtual experience from a real one. [Figure 4-18] The brilliant light source concentrated at a short distance makes it possible to use the projector in lighted areas. The instructor provides assistance when needed, but he or she needs to remember that learning to solve the problem or task without assistance is part of the learning process. Use of these questions and projects as part of the syllabus helps an instructor ensure that all subject areas for a particular class have been covered, There are many ways to incorporate design features in training materials in order to facilitate regulatory compliance, required endorsements, and recordkeeping. His flight is a go, yet, 15 miles from College Airport he descends to 1,000 feet to stay below the lowering clouds and encounters rain and lowering visibility to 3 miles. Sarcasm and/or ridicule should never be used, since they inhibit the spontaneity of the participants. The following conditions and controls are useful for cooperative learning, but do not need to be used every time an instructor assigns a group learning project: Clear, complete instructions of what students are to do, in what order, with what materials, and when appropriatewhat students are to do as evidence of their mastery of targeted content and skills, Student perception of targeted objectives as their own, personal objectives, Student access to and comprehension of required information, Recognition and rewards for group success, Time after completion of group tasks for students to systematically reflect upon how they worked together as a team, In practice, cooperative or group learning in aviation training is normally modified to adapt to school policy or for other valid reasons. Immediately thereafter, the instructor should have the student attempt to perform the maneuver, coaching as necessary. The most common types are the line graph and the bar graph. In the teaching lecture, the instructor must develop a keen perception for subtle responses from the classfacial expressions, manner of taking notes, and apparent interest or disinterest in the lesson. Thus, the student pilot exhibits knowledge of all the elements involved in a poweroff stall as listed in the PTS, As discussed in chapter 2, humans develop cognitive skills through active interaction with the world. The discussions reflect whatever level of knowledge and experience the students have gained, The goal of guided discussions is to draw out what the students know. Depending on the requirements of any particular circumstances, a lecture is usually delivered in one of four ways: Reading from a typed or written manuscript, Reciting memorized material without the aid of a manuscript, Speaking extemporaneously from an outline, The teaching lecture is probably best delivered in an extemporaneous manner. It is used for study, training, or testing in place of the real object, which is too costly or too dangerous, or which is impossible to obtain. With elearning, sophisticated databases can organize vast amounts of information that can be quickly sorted, searched, found, and cross-indexed, Due to the active nature of e-learning, the overall learning process is enhanced in several ways. This complex process is enhanced by the use of appropriate instructional aids that highlight and emphasize the main points or concepts, The working or short-term memory functions are limited by both time and capacity. He is flying the four of them to the "big" football game. Electronic information on computer networks and bulletin boards is from commercial providers, as well as community, state, and national government agencies. In addition, they also provide realistic details necessary for visual recognition of important subject material. Charts, diagrams, and graphs are also in this category. In the second, the instructor observes the pilots' behavior during the simulation, gives feedback if necessary and evaluates their skills. This change is measurable and therefore can be assessed, Assessment of learning is a complex process and it is important to be clear about the purposes of the assessment. In addition to the necessary steps, the instructor should describe the end result of these efforts. In addition, the coverage should be straightforward and factual so it is easy for students to remember and recall. Use flight deck technology in a safe and appropriate way, Be confident in a wide variety of flight situations, and, The teaching process organizes the material an instructor wishes to teach in such a way that the learner understands what is being taught. Perhaps the most significant characteristic of group learning is that it continually requires active participation of the student in the learning process, In spite of its advantages, success with cooperative or group learning depends on conditions and controls. They are easy to construct and can be produced in the same manner as pictures. Research has shown that learning is an active processthe more involved students are in the process, the better they learn. entry of bacteriophages and animal viruses into host cells. As little extraneous activity as possible should be included in the demonstration if students are to clearly understand the instructor is accurately performing the actions previously explained. Such material should be well organized and based on fundamentals, Organize the main and subordinate points of the lesson in a logical sequence. The instructor needs to keep up with the discussion and know when to intervene with questions or redirect the groups focus. An instructor can most effectively maintain a high level of student motivation by. In most instructional situations, the instructors explanation and demonstration activities are alternated with student performance efforts. If a desired capability is to navigate from point A to point B, the objective as stated is not specific enough for all students to do it in the same way. This fourth organizational pattern starts with common usage before progressing to the rarer ones. The give and take of the discussion method also helps students learn to evaluate ideas, concepts, and principles. In order to present the lesson on weight and balance, Bob has taken the theoretical information presented in previous chaptersconcepts and principles pertinent to human behavior, how people learn, and effective communicationinto the classroom. The criteria should be stated so that there is no question whether the objective has been met. Three types of problem-based instruction are discussed: scenario based, collaborative problem-solving, and case study, SBT uses a highly structured script of real-world experiences to address aviation training objectives in an operational environment. Major advantages of CAL are that students can progress at a rate which is comfortable for them and are often able to access the CAL at their own convenience, Another benefit of CAL is the test prep study guides, useful for preparation for the FAA knowledge tests. The goal might be a certificate of completion, graduation, or an academic degree. There is general agreement about certain factors that seem pertinent to understanding the use of instructional aids, During the communicative process, the sensory register of the memory acts as a filter. A relay question is asked by a learner and the instructor requests another student to respond, Questions are so much a part of teaching that they are often taken for granted. There are several types of charts that can be used in presenting data such as pie charts, flow charts, and organizational charts, among others. [Figure 4-4], The description of the skill or behavior explains the desired outcome of the instruction. It is important to remember that a training delivery method is rarely used by itself. For example, a program may indicate, "That was incorrect. While this is the most widely used form of presentation and instructors should know how to develop and present a lecture, they also should understand the advantages and limitations of this method, Lectures are used for introduction of new subjects, summarizing ideas, showing relationships between theory and practice, and reemphasizing main points. It is important that students be given an opportunity to perform the skill as soon as possible after a demonstration. The description should be in concrete terms that can be measured. Blocks for instructor endorsements also may be included at appropriate points. The instructor may want a student to explain something more thoroughly, or may need to bring the discussion back to a point from which it has strayed, In terms of characteristics, questions can be identified as overhead, rhetorical, direct, reverse, and relay. Here, the instructor develops the subject matter in a manner that helps the students achieve the desired learning outcomes. This equipment is especially adapted to enlarging diagrams and small charts for display purposes. Such training can include initial training, transition training, upgrade training, recurrent training, and special training. However in the teaching lecture, the feedback is not nearly as obvious and is much harder to interpret. This type of problem encourages the development of HOTS, which include cognitive processes such as problem solving and decision-making, as well as the cognitive skills of analysis, synthesis and evaluation. Aids are often appropriate when long segments of technical description are necessary, when a point is complex and difficult to put into words, when instructors find themselves forming visual images, or when students are puzzled by an explanation or description, Aids should be simple and compatible with the learning outcomes to be achieved. Conditions and criteria should be refined as necessary. Periodic review and assessment by the instructor is necessary to ensure that the student has not acquired any bad habits, As the student becomes proficient with the fundamentals of flight and aircraft maneuvers or maintenance procedures, the instructor should increasingly emphasize ADM as a means of applying what has been previously learned. The traditional organization of a lesson plan is introduction, development, and conclusion, The introduction sets the stage for everything to come. how should you adjust the height of your monitor; emily thorne revenge net worth; final fantasy tactics all classes; bupa operations manager They should provide an accurate visual image and make learning easier for the student, Another use for instructional aids is to clarify the relationships between material objects and concepts. Having decided on the objectives, an instructor can use this information to complete many of the steps on the lesson plan. HOME; INTERIORS; EXTERIORS; OFFICE & PORTRAITS; PUBLICITY/EVENTS; CONSTRUCTION; INFO A game gives the learner a stake in the outcome by putting the learner into the shoes of a character (role playing) who needs to overcome a real world scenario. Just as a student can reread a section in a text, a student can review portions of a CAL program until it is understood. how to chair a board meeting script. Words or terms used in an instructional aid should be carefully selected to convey the same meaning for the student as they do for the instructor. In many cases, this type of supplemental training media may be reproduced in a format for projection on a screen or other clear surface, Charts, diagrams, and graphs include any printed material which gives information in tabular form. In all cases, a systematic plan of action requires the use of an appropriate training syllabus. Instructors need not refer to another document to evaluate student performance. In preparing questions, the instructor should remember that the purpose is to stimulate discussion, not merely to get answers. New ideas should not be introduced in the conclusion because at this point they are likely to confuse the students, By organizing the lesson material into a logical format, the instructor maximizes the opportunity for students to retain the desired information. Overlays can also be cut into various shapes and moved about in relation to the base transparency. Whether working as an individual instructor or employed by a flight or maintenance school, the instructor must ensure that each student accomplishes a number of important benchmarks. These programs typically allow the students to select a test, complete the questions, and find out how they did on the test. Computer-aided information is particularly useful for aviation maintenance activities. Every time practice occurs, learning continues. The pilot told the controllers that he would attempt an instrument approach. Assessment is explored in more detail in chapter 5, Instructional aids are devices that assist an instructor in the teaching-learning process. Leadoff questions should usually begin with how or why.