[2023] Welcome to The Internet History Sourcebooks Project, a collection of public domain and copy-permitted historical texts presented cleanly (without advertising or excessive layout) for educational use. Athens itself was spared total destruction "in recognition of [its] glorious past" but the city was sacked. His enemy, Lucius Cornelius Cinna, was elected consul for 87BC in place of his candidate;[83] his nephew was rejected as plebeian tribune while Marius' nephew was successful. Social: Facebook Page YouTube Page Instagram Page. He was a leader of the optimates, which sought to maintain senatorial supremacy against the populist reforms advocated by the populares, headed by Marius. When Gods Collide - Sulla and Marius - The 5 Most Titanic Military [61] Pompeii was taken some time during the year, along with Stabiae and Aeclanum; with the capture of Aeclanum, Sulla forced the Hirpini to surrender. Sulla also codified, and thus established definitively, the cursus honorum, which required an individual to reach a certain age and level of experience before running for any particular office. There, while giving a speech, he had three or four thousand Samnite prisoners butchered, to the shock of the attending senators. The hundreds of thousands of men who enlisted . He was, however, defeated. [93] News of these conquests reached Rome in the autumn of 89BC, leading the Senate and people to declare war; actual preparations for war were, however, delayed: after Sulla was given the command, it took him some eighteen months to organise five legions before setting off; Rome was also severely strained financially. Cicero comments that Pompey once said, "If Sulla could, why can't I? Rome at the End of the Punic Wars [History, Book 6] [At this Site] Acts of the Divine Augustus (Res Gestae Divi Augusti) [At MIT] The Life of Gnaeus Julius Agricola (40-93 CE), [At UNRV History] Life of Cnaeus Julius Agricola (40-93 CE), c.98 CE trans. [91], During close of the Social War, in 89BC, Mithridates VI Eupator of Pontus invaded Roman Asia. [69], Sulla started his consulship by passing two laws. Gnaeus Carbo attempted to lift the Siege of Praeneste but failed and fled to Africa. You can use the following terms to search HOLLIS for primary sources:. This may have been related to Sulla's campaign for the consulship. Due to his meeting the minimum age requirement of thirty, he stood for the quaestorship in 108BC. Historical documents : how to read them. Secondary sources provide second-hand information and commentary from other researchers. He then sailed for Italy at the head of 1,200 ships. The first of the, Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback, sfn error: no target: CITEREFBadian2012 (. They are original research, thinking, or discovery on a topic or event, and are written or created by people who actually experienced the event . The veto power of the tribunes and their legislating authority were soon reinstated, ironically during the consulships of Pompey and Crassus.[150]. How Do I Find - Primary Sources | UCR Library The Senate immediately sent an embassy demanding an explanation for his seeming march on the fatherland, to which Sulla responded boldly, saying that he was freeing it from tyrants. This unusual appointment (used hitherto only in times of extreme danger to the city, such as during the Second Punic War, and then only for 6-month periods) represented an exception to Rome's policy of not giving total power to a single individual. Primary Resources - Primary Resources and Archives - Research Guides at Finally, in a demonstration of his absolute power, Sulla expanded the Pomerium, the sacred boundary of Rome, unchanged since the time of the kings. Primary sources how to use them | Services to Schools [40] But Catulus' army was defeated in the eastern Alps and withdrew from Venetia and thence to the southern side of the river Po. [81.3] Magnesia, the only city in Asia that remained loyal, was defended against Mithridates with the greatest courage. According only to Appian, he then brought legislation to strengthen the Senate's position in the state and weaken the plebeian tribunes by eliminating the comitia tributa as a legislative body and requiring that tribunes first receive senatorial approval for legislation;[80] some scholars, however, reject Appian's account as mere retrojection of legislation passed during Sulla's dictatorship. was the first man to use the army to establish a personal autocracy at Rome.. Sulla first came into prominence when he served as quaestor (107-106 B.C.) Internet History Sourcebooks Project - Fordham University [30] Sulla was popular with the men, charming and benign, he built up a healthy rapport while also winning popularity with other officers, including Marius. What Is a Primary Source? Click the title for location and availability information. For example: scholarly or popular books and articles, reference books, biographies, or textbooks. [65] This had been preceded by the lex Julia, passed by Lucius Julius Caesar in October 90BC, which had granted citizenship to those allies who remained loyal. [31] Ultimately, the Numidians were defeated in 106BC, due in large part to Sulla's initiative in capturing the Numidian king. From this distance, Sulla remained out of the day-to-day political activities in Rome, intervening only a few times when his policies were involved (e.g. Primary sources are first-hand evidence related to the time or event you are investigating.This includes accounts by participants or observers and a wide range of written, physical, audio or visual materials created at the time or later by someone with direct experience.. He returned victorious from the east in 82 BC, marched a second time on Rome, and crushed the populares and their Italian allies at the Battle of the Colline Gate. In the sciences and social sciences, primary sources or 'primary research' are original research experiments, studies, or . Plutarch, writing much . [78], When the march on Rome started, the Senate and people were appalled. Se l'azienda ha pi di 200 dipendenti, deve essere presente anche il rappresentante sindacale aziendale (RSA). Sulla, hearing this, feigned an attack while instructing his men to fraternise with Scipio's army. To do so would mean total humiliation at the hands of his opponents, the end of his political career, and perhaps even further danger to his life. Cornelius Lucius Sulla; Lucius Cornelius Cinna (elder) Marcus Licinius Crassus; Pompey the Great (Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus) Julius Caesar; Marcus . Sulla rose to prominence during the war against the Numidian king Jugurtha, whom he captured as a result of Jugurtha's betrayal by the king's allies, although his superior Gaius Marius took credit for ending the war. [36] Amid a reorganisation of political alliances, the traditionalists in the Senate raised up Sulla a patrician, even if a poor one, as a counterweight against the newcomer Marius. The Roman general and dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla (138-78 B.C.) Mithridates also would equip Sulla with seventy or eighty ships and pay a war indemnity of two or three thousand talents. The Mithridatic War (88 - 85 BC) [18] Lacking ready money, Sulla spent his youth among Romes comedians, actors, lute players, and dancers. When he was still a proconsul in 82, he planned and executed the proscriptions against his enemies for revenge, especially from the Marian camp, and against rich Romans because he needed money to pay his veterans . Introduction - Primary Sources - LibGuides at CSU Los Angeles Taking Action: Benefits for students that extend beyond the classroom. The United States entered World War I on April 6, 1917, when the U.S. Congress agreed to a declaration of war. A primary source is a first-hand or contemporary account of an event or topic. After another attempt to relieve Praeneste failed, Carbo lost his nerve and attempted to retreat to Africa; his lieutenants attempted again to relieve Praeneste but after that again failed, marched on Rome to force Sulla from his well-defended positions. A primary source is an original object or document -- the raw material or first-hand information. [155] Plutarch notes that Sulla considered that "his golden head of hair gave him a singular appearance. [98] He separately besieged Athens and Piraeus (the Long Walls had since been demolished). His third wife was Cloelia, whom Sulla divorced due to sterility. [21] Regardless, by the standards of the Roman political class, Sulla was a very poor man. Primary Sources on Copyright - Record Viewer [66] Buttressed by success against Rome's traditional enemies, the Samnites, and general Roman victory across Italy, Sulla stood for and was elected easily to the consulship of 88BC; his colleague would be Quintus Pompeius Rufus. Textbook passages discussing specific concepts, events, and experiments. [23] The means by which Sulla attained the fortune which later would enable him to ascend the ladder of Roman politics are not clear; Plutarch refers to two inheritances, one from his stepmother (who loved him dearly) and the other from his mistress Nicopolis. For instance, Da Vinci's Mona Lisa is a primary source because it is the most famous art piece during the Renaissance period. In the ensuing fight, Sulla defeated Marius, who consequently fled to Praeneste. In, Constitutional reforms of Lucius Cornelius Sulla, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Rubicon: The Last Years of the Roman Republic, L. Cornelius (392) L. f. P. n. Sulla Felix ('Epaphroditus'), Digital Prosopography of the Roman Republic, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sulla&oldid=1142439185. Campaigning on his military record, the people were unwilling to hear tales of military bravado from a mere junior officer after two triumphs. Marius, elected again to the consulship of 101, came to Catulus' aid; Sulla, in charge of supporting army provisioning, did so competently and was able to feed both armies. Gill. Regardless, if he had immediate plans for a consulship, they were forced into the background at the outbreak of war. He hinted to them that Marius would find other men to fight Mithridates, forcing them to give up opportunities to plunder the East, claims which were "surely false". primary name: Sulla, Lucius Cornelius other name: Cornelius L f P n Sulla Felix . When the campaign in Italy started, two theatres emerged, with Sulla facing the younger Marius in the south and Metellus Pius facing Carbo in the north. Sulla's Reforms as Dictator - World History Encyclopedia Categories . During these times on the stage, after initially only singing, he started writing plays, Atellan farces, a kind of crude comedy. [81] He sent his army back to Capua[82] and then conducted the elections for that year, which yielded a resounding rejection of him and his allies. By. Primary sources - How to find resources by format - Research Guides at [109] When Flaccus' consular army marched through Macedonia towards Thrace, his command was usurped by his legate Gaius Flavius Fimbria, who had Flaccus killed before chasing Mithridates with his army into Asia itself. The Internet Modern History Sourcebook is one of series of history primary sourcebooks. Ancient accounts of Sulla's death indicate that he died from liver failure or a ruptured gastric ulcer (symptomized by a sudden hemorrhage from his mouth, followed by a fever from which he never recovered), possibly caused by chronic alcohol abuse. There, Sulla attacked him in an indecisive battle. [102] According to the ancient sources, Archelaus commanded between 60,000 and 120,000 men;[103] in the aftermath, he allegedly escaped with only 10,000. Faced with mobilizing a sufficient fighting force, Congress passed the Selective Service Act on May 18, 1917. However, if you were studying how compact fluorescent light bulbs are presented in the popular media, the magazine article could be considered a primary source. [48] The Parthian ambassador, Orobazus, was executed upon his return to Parthia for allowing this humiliation; the Parthians, however, ratified the treaty reached, which established the Euphrates as a clear boundary between Parthia and Rome. (5) Horace, Epode (c. 35 BC) Scipio's army blamed him for the breakdown in negotiations and made it clear to the consul that they would not fight Sulla, who at this point appeared the peacemaker. Primary Sources Sallust. [28][29], Under Marius, the Roman forces followed a very similar plan as under Metellus, capturing and garrisoning fortified positions in the African countryside. Sulla raised important cavalry forces for Marius and was responsible for the . When Scipio refused, Sulla let him go. Ariobarzanes had been driven out by Mithridates VI of Pontus, who wanted to install one of his own sons (Ariarathes) on the Cappadocian throne. Secondary sources are interpretations of history. Primary research gives you direct access to the subject of your research. He might have been disinherited, though it was "more likely" that his father simply had nothing to bequeath. The tools are designed to support 3 levels of critical thinking and inquiry skills (explore, analyse and critically analyse) for years 1 to 13. Updated on October 07, 2019. [115] Sulla, buoyed by his previous looting in Asia, was able to advance quickly and largely without the ransacking of the Italian countryside. Constitutional reforms of Sulla - Wikipedia Tip: If you are unsure if a source you have found is primary, talk to your instructor, librarian, or archivist. He dismissed his lictores and walked unguarded in the Forum, offering to give account of his actions to any citizen. Hind 1992, p.150 dismisses claims in Plutarch and Vellius Paterclus of Athens being forced to cooperate with Mithridates as "very hollow" and "apologia". Of the twelve outlaws, only Sulpicius was killed after being betrayed by a slave. Secondary Sources: Primary sources are not complete; you will find the following helpful: Boardman, John, ed. Sulla hurried in full force towards Rome and there fought the Battle of the Colline Gate on the afternoon of 1 November 82BC. The Cambridge Ancient History, vol. National Archives Catalog Find online primary source materials for classroom & student projects from the National Archive's online catalog (OPA). Primary vs. Secondary Sources | Difference & Examples - Scribbr He then reinforced this decision by legislation, retroactively justifying his illegal march on the city and stripping the twelve outlaws of their Roman citizenship. [33] Winning Bocchus' friendship and making plain Rome's demands for Jugurtha's deliverance, Sulla successfully concluded negotiations and secured Bocchus' capture of Jugurtha and the king's rendition to Marius' camp. 134/4 C.Marius spends his early life in the countryside near Arpinum. Primary sources are the evidence of history, original records or objects created by participants or observers at the time historical . Sulla's law waived the sponsio, allowing such cases to be heard without it. He then attacked the Samnites and routed one of their armies near Aesernia before capturing the new Italian capital at Bovianum Undecimanorum. The bubonic plague was the most commonly seen form during the Black Death, with a mortality rate of 30-75% and symptoms including fever of 38 - 41 C (101-105 F), headaches, painful aching joints, nausea and vomiting, and a general feeling of malaise. [152], Sulla was red-blond[154] and blue-eyed, and had a dead-white face covered with red marks. The first of the leges Corneliae concerned the interest rates, and stipulated that all debtors were to pay simple interest only, rather than the common compound interest that so easily bankrupted the debtors. The Library of Congress Teacher's page provides tools and guides for using primary sources in research, focusing of the unique materials in the Library's digital collections. He was then assigned by lot to serve under the consul Gaius Marius. Skilfully withdrawing to Clusium, he delegated to Norbanus command of troops to hold Metellus Pius. Having exhausted available provisions near Athens, doing so was both necessary to ensure the survival of his army and also to relieve a brigade of six thousand men cut off in Thessaly. He was to return the kingdoms of Bithynia and Cappadocia to Nicomedes and Ariobarzanes, respectively. [84] Cinna, even before the election, said he would prosecute Sulla at the conclusion of the latter's consular term. On each line there is a link to the page where the name can be found. Lucius Cornelius Sulla | UNRV Roman History senators and equites) executed, although as many as 9,000 people were estimated to have been killed. Helping or sheltering a proscribed person was punishable by death, while killing a proscribed person was rewarded with two talents. The ancient biography of Sulla written by Plutarch is useful. 133/18 Scipio praises C.Marius. [97], Early in 87BC, Sulla transited the Adriatic for Thessaly with his five legions. [121], Fighting in 83BC began with reverses for Sulla's opponents: their governors in Africa and Sardinia were deposed. You may copy and distribute the translations and commentaries in this resource, or parts of such translations and commentaries, in any medium . Beyond personal enmity, Caesar Strabo may also have stood for office because it was evident that Rome's relations with the Pontic king, Mithridates VI Eupator, were deteriorating and that the consuls of 88 would be assigned an extremely lucrative and glorious command against Pontus. The second was Lucius Cornelius Sulla, who died young. This also removed the need for the censor to draw up a list of senators, since more than enough former magistrates were always available to fill the Senate. onwards. Types of Sources Explained | Examples & Tips - Scribbr [111], The peace reached with Mithridates was condemned in ancient times as a betrayal of Roman interests for Sulla's private interest in fighting and winning the coming civil war. [76][77] They then killed Marcus Gratidius, one of Marius' legates, when Gratidius attempted to effect the transfer of command.