Who is the first geographer in the world? Biography. Each fragment is accompanied by an English translation, a summary, and commentary. He died in 194BC at 82 in Alexandria. Your email address will not be published. Defending the theory that vision is due to a flow emanating from the eye, Ptolemy analyzed the reflection of light on flat and spherical mirrors, and its refraction when it crosses the surface between two transparent media. The circumference of the Earth was measured by Eratosthenes. It is thought that Eratosthenes may also have been a pupil of Callimachus. For his contributions to philosophy, Eratosthenes was called the second Plato. Research into physical oceanography included Strabo, who observed volcanic activity and concluded that land was not totally static. Other things that Eratosthenes thought but did not turn out to be: the fact that the earth is a perfect sphere, that Alexandria is exactly north of Siena, and that the sun's rays are perfectly parallel. Around 255BC, he invented the armillary sphere. Greeks-create Maps of Med. Ptolemy studied the reflection of light on flat and spherical mirrors as well as its refraction when it crosses the surface between two transparent media, defending the theory that vision is caused by a flow emanating from the eye. [6] His devotees nicknamed him Pentathlos after the Olympians who were well rounded competitors, for he had proven himself to be knowledgeable in every area of learning. a. Eratosthenes of Cyrene developed longitude and latitude. However, he assumed that Siena was right over the Tropic of Cancer, a fact that was incorrect. He first studied with Zeno at the school of the Stoics. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. He died c. 194 BCE, Alexandria, Egypt. The name Earth is an English/German name which simply means the ground. He created a longitude and latitude system, as well as a map of the world. He believed that the Earth was the center of the Universe. Eratosthenes had a significant impact on geography. Eratosthenes was born in the Greek colony Cyrene, now the city of Shahhat, Libya. They had a keen sense of ocean currents and variations in bird and sea life in different places in the Pacific. He lived in Athens until Ptolemy Evergetes, the king of Egypt . Eratosthenes introduced latitude and longitude. In the first, Eratosthenes addressed the previous theories and compiled the existing information in the library. [25], This article is about the Greek scholar of the third century BC. Between 276 and 195 BC, he created one of the first known maps of the world, but his most significant contribution was the concept of latitude and longitude. He returned to Cyrene and made such a name for himself in scholarly endeavors that the Greek ruler of Egypt brought him to Alexandria to tutor his son. Youll get a, Copyright 2023 TipsFolder.com | Powered by Astra WordPress Theme. About 150 years later, Eratosthenes (264-194 B.C.) 2, 1977. Menu. Shcheglov, D.A. The fact of being incarcerated and deprived of liberty it bring with it important p ychological con equence . Transit of Venus across the sum verified orbits 2. Why is Eratosthenes called the father of geography? Geography is the study of where things are found, why they exist, and how they develop and change over time. He made maps, both of the world and sky and is said to have made a map that included 675 stars. Eratosthenes - He was a Greek mathematician who had a profound interest in geography. Like any young Greek at the time, Eratosthenes would have studied in the local gymnasium, where he would have learned physical skills and social discourse as well as reading, writing, arithmetic, poetry, and music.[9]. Cyrene, then a Greek city, is now the town of Shahhat in Libya. In the Library of Alexandria he had access to various travel books, which contained various items of information and representations of the world that needed to be pieced together in some organized format. Name the major oceans and their main characteristics. They also built a ship know as the Knarr. A Tradition of Exploration Norwegian pioneers throughout history The Viking Age From 800 to 1066 AD, the Vikings journeyed in their longships to explore and establish trade around Europe. Although Eratosthenes method was well founded, the accuracy of his calculation was inherently limited. Another of his great contributions to geography was the study and map that he made of the route of the Nile River from Khartoum, in which he included the Ethiopian tributaries. At that time he also wrote Peri agathn kai kakn, a text that was lost. Eratosthenes contributions to Mathematics are very notable and well known. The texts of his early works as a poet are not preserved either; however, some names were passed on to posterity through quotations from other Greeks. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. In mathematics, the sieve of Eratosthenes (Greek: ), one of a number of prime number sieves, is a simple, ancient algorithm for finding all prime numbers up to any given limit. In addition to the attempts of Eratosthenes of Cyrene (c. 276c. Eratosthenes was an illustrious ancient Greek polymath who had expertise in mathematics, astronomy and geography. and more. Contributions of Greeks in the field of Physical Geography: The Greeks made remarkable development in the field of physical geography. [24], Eratosthenes was described by the Suda Lexicon as a (Pentathlos) which can be translated as "All-Rounder", for he was skilled in a variety of things: He was a true polymath. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. His interest in Plato led him to write his very first work at a scholarly level, Platonikos, inquiring into the mathematical foundation of Plato's philosophies. Among the ancient Greek scholars Herodotus, Plato, Aristotle, Eratosthenes is the chief ones. Atlantic Ocean- long, narrow, parrallel sides 68% of freshwater runs into it. The authors' texts have always been recognized for their readability, currency, dynamic art program, delivery of basic principles and instructor flexibility. He set the circumference measurement at 252,000 stadia, which is approximately 39,691 kilometers. [9], The measurement of Earth's circumference is the most famous among the results obtained by Eratosthenes,[13] who estimated that the meridian has a length of 252,000 stadia (39,060 to 40,320 kilometres (24,270 to 25,050mi)), with an error on the real value between 2.4% and +0.8% (assuming a value for the stadion between 155 and 160 metres (509 and 525ft)). He uses the angles of shadows and the distance between Alexandria and Syene to arrive at a value of 24,855 miles (40,000 kilometers). Learn everything about the Oceanography from scratch and become a master of this topic with quiz based flashcards. Also with one of his students, Aristn de Chios, of whom he wrote a biography. To calculate the circumference of the earth Eratosthenes used a method that has been used until our time, this consists of measuring a meridian. Kerry Liverpool Supporters Club, Eratosthenes went to Alexandria and found out that the light hit the earth at an angle of 7.2 degrees. Known For: Eratosthenes was a Greek polymath who became known as the father of geography. [12] As he aged, he contracted ophthalmia, becoming blind around 195 BC. The role of p ychologi t in relation to mental health and well-being i extremely important today, and it i not urpri ing that many people have the need to go to p ychotherapy e ion or require p ycholo Few mu ician have o marked the future of modern mu ic a Michael Jack on, con idered the King of Pop. Trigonometry can be used to roof a house, to make the roof inclined ( in the case of single individual bungalows) and the height of the roof in buildings etc. However, a simplified version of the method has been preserved, as described by Cleomedes.[15]. All Categories. *Egyptians utilized the Nile River and created a commerce based on ship-based trade (4000 BC). He had become blind in his old age and could no longer work by 195 BCE. Technology such as electronics and space travel have provided important contributions to oceanography. Trigonometry in the modern sense began with the Greeks. More than 400 places appeared in that work, but it was lost, except for the references of historians of the time. He sketched, quite accurately, the route of the Nile to Khartoum, showing the two Ethiopian tributaries. Oceanography; Geography of Environment; Population & Settlement Geography; Economic Geography; . Eratosthenes's main interest in youth was philosophy and that vocation led him to Athens at the age of 15. Eratosthenes of Cyrene (/ r t s n i z /; Greek: [eratostns]; c. 276 BC - c. 195/194 BC) was a Greek polymath: a mathematician, geographer, poet, astronomer, and music theorist.He was a man of learning, becoming the chief librarian at the Library of Alexandria.His work is comparable to what is now known as the study of geography, and he . When you multiply by wall height, you get CFM. Ptolemys most significant geographical innovation was the record of longitudes and latitudes in degrees on his world map for roughly 8,000 locations, allowing him to create an exact duplicate of his map. Geography is the study of locations and the relationships between people and their surroundings. References to the works of Eratosthenes are preserved thanks to other authors, since when the library of Alexandria was lost, practically all of his work was lost. Why is Eratosthenes called the father of geography? However, it was in geography where he proved to be more skillful for he was one of the greatest of all ancient geographers. Earlier estimates of the circumference of Earth had been made (for example, Aristotle says that some mathematicians had obtained a value of 400,000 stadia), but no details of their methods have survived. [2], Eratosthenes believed there was both good and bad in every nation and criticized Aristotle for arguing that humanity was divided into Greeks and barbarians, as well as for arguing that the Greeks should keep themselves racially pure. Phoenicians (from what is now Syria and Lebanon) navigated and traded around Mediterranean Sea, Indian Ocean, Red Sea, and Africa; 2000BC 2. Alfred Hettner, who inherited the concept of chorology, further developed it. At present it is known that the equatorial diameter is 40,075 kilometers. Eratosthenes (264-194 B.C.) Among the archives that were at the disposal of Eratosthenes, the distance between Siena and Alexandria was stated to be 5000 stadia. G. Argoud, J.Y. The Greeks made tremendous advancements in the fields of geomorphology, climatology and oceanography. The first number following two that is not crossed off will be . Of the four people named as his students in Suda, three cannot be identified with certainty and were therefore hardly important scientists. He developed Read more. Eratosthenes is also known for his achievement in astronomy. II. Eratosthenes was born around 276 B.C., which is now Shahhat, Libya. 7 de junio de 2022; where to buy used bicycles near me The first place must go to Eratosthenes, the man who coined the term "geography" between 275 and 194 BC. Arab and Muslim contribution to geography was not only confined to astronomical and mathematical geography, but rather covered a wide range of the branches of the discipline known at the present time. The first spot has to go to the man who coined the term geography, Eratosthenes (c. 275-194 BC). In Alexandria, also in Egypt, at the same date and time, sunlight fell at an angle of about 7.2 from the vertical. He was the first to affirm that the heavy rains in the headwaters could explain the floods in the lower part of the flow. In number theory, he introduced the sieve of Eratosthenes, an efficient method of identifying prime numbers. There he first coined the term "geography" and used his discoveries regarding the size and shape of the earth to represent it. Eratosthenes made major contributions to geography. Marcotte, D. (1998). Here Eratosthenes described his famous story of the well in Syene, wherein at noon each summer solstice, the Sun's rays shone straight down into the city-center well. After these experiences, he became disenchanted with philosophy and decided to dedicate himself to poetry. is credited for two important contributions to oceanography: 1. Eratosthenes was born in Cyrene which is now in Libya in North Africa. What did Eratosthenes study? Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. establishing a center for the study of marine science and navigation in Portugal. Isaac, Benjamin. He made a catalog of 675 stars. 22.40, the Sieve of Eratosthenes, so that, if the number the user inputs into the program is not prime, the program displays the prime factors of the number. Review of (D.W.) Roller 'Eratosthenes' Geography. Required fields are marked *. "Zeno and Stoic Consistency," in Phronesis. in Cyrene, a Greek city located in North Africa, in what is now the lands of Libya. 175 km 4. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Eratosthenes also did other things that are known today. Hipparchus (c. 190120 bce) was the first to construct a table of values for a trigonometric function. Unfortunately, other than a few scraps, little remains of Eratosthenes original work. b. Eratosthenes He was a Greek mathematician who had a profound interest in geography. He never married. Eratosthenes is also well-known for his astronomical achievements. It starts with 2 and all the numbers that are multiples of that first digit are crossed out, then the same is done with the next number that is not crossed out and so on. Several astronomers and mathematicians before and after Eratosthenes tried to accurately measure the circumference of the Earth, but is was Eratosthenes that came through. Within about five years he became Chief Librarian, a position that the poet Apollonius Rhodius had previously held. This, so it happens, and when seeing the offering, someone says: this is the work of the Cyrenean Eratosthenes. Updates? Earth was considered as the centre of the universe, around which revolved the seven planets. Finally he wrote: Happy father, Ptolemy, because with your son you enjoy the age! One of Eratosthenes contributions to mathematics was his measurement of the Earth. The fourth is the prominent grammarian Aristophanes of Byzantium, who succeeded Eratosthenes as head of the Library of Alexandria. The 200-foot ship was three-masted, square-rigged, and built of wood. Eratosthenes contributions to Mathematics are very notable and well known. It was now possible to estimate one's distance from remote locations with this network over the surface of the Earth. Greek Scholar's Work Shows Usefulness of Measurement. This makes Hipparchus the founder of trigonometry. Who succeeded Eratosthenes as the chief librarian of Alexandria? Todays measurement is 40,075 km. Rist, J.M. He worked in geography to try to figure out why the Nile river had such a regular flood pattern, and hypothesized that it was because of heavy rain upstream. He also measured the degree of obliquity of the ecliptic (in effect, the tilt of Earths axis) and wrote a treatise on the octateris, an eight-year lunar-solar cycle. But Eratosthenes, who had wide-ranging interests including poetry, theatre and ethics, was first and foremost an astronomer, and Alexandria was the place to go for astronomical studies. He conceived the subcontinent of India to be of rhomboidal form and supposed the range of Imaus (Himalayas) which he said extended from west to east, to have made the boundary of India. [1] However, his Geography has been lost to history, although fragments of the work can be pieced together from other great historians like Pliny, Polybius, Strabo, and Marcianus. Ptolemy III was not moved only by his interest in the work of Eratosthenes, but also by political motives. Your email address will not be published. During his life Eratosthenes was a lover of knowledge in all its areas. Atlantic Ocean Ocean exploration is a part of oceanography describing the exploration of ocean surfaces. Cars &vehicles (9) He worked in geography to try to figure out why the Nile river had such a regular flood pattern, and hypothesized that it was because of heavy rain upstream.