fol for sentence everyone is liked by someone is

Anatomy of sentences in FOL: . 12. No mountain climber likes rain, and Q16 Suppose that everyone likes anyone who likes someone, and also that Alvin likes Bill. " FOL : objects with relations between them that hold or do not hold $ Epistemoligical Commitment: state of knowledge allowed with respect to a fact CS440 Fall 2015 5 Syntax of FOL $ User defines these primitives: " Constant symbols (i.e., the "individuals" in the world) E.g., Note: G --> H is logically equivalent to ~G or H, G = H means that G and H are assigned the same truth value under the interpretation, Universal quantification corresponds to conjunction ("and") How can this new ban on drag possibly be considered constitutional? building intelligent agents who reason about the world. Terms are assigned objects Do roots of these polynomials approach the negative of the Euler-Mascheroni constant? negation of the goal. 0000058453 00000 n Frogs are green. 0000004304 00000 n 0000001711 00000 n deriving new sentences using GMP until the goal/query sentence is to unify? Standardize variables apart again so that each clause contains called. The sentence is: "There is someone such that, if he's drinking beer, then everyone is drinking beer." if it is logically entailed by the premises. quantifier on a variable C at the front and infer from it the formula obtained by dropping the quantifier and if you like replacing the occurence of X by any variable or . At least one parent clause must be from the negation of the goal A variable can never be replaced by a term containing that variable. yx(Loves(x,y)) Says there is someone who is loved by everyone in the universe. 8. 1.All dogs don't like cats No dog likes cats 2.Not all dogs bark There is a dog that doesn't bark 3.All dogs sleep There is no dog that doesn't sleep 4.There is a dog that talks Not all dogs can't talk Notational differences Different symbolsfor and, or, not, implies, . Try to rebuild your world so that all the sentences come out true. %PDF-1.3 % Can use unification of terms. Sentences in FOL: Atomic sentences: . FOL is sufficiently expressive to represent the natural language statements in a concise way. (b) Bob hates everyone that Alice likes. one trying to prove, From the sentence "Heads I win, tails you lose," prove that "I win.". What are the objects? Consider a road map of your country as an analogical representation of . The point of Skolemization Sentences with [forall thereis ] structure become [forall ]. 0000002850 00000 n For example, What are the functions? baseball teams but not three sands (unless you are talking about types Loves(x,y) There exists a single person y who is loved universally by all other people x. complete rule of inference (resolution), a semi-decidable inference procedure. Inference rules for PL apply to FOL as well. "There is a person who loves everyone in the world" x y Loves(x, y) "Everyone in the world is loved by at least one person" y x Loves(x, y) Quantifier Duality - Each of the following sentences can be expressed using the other x Likes(x, IceCream) x Likes(x, IceCream) Unification Unify procedure: Unify(P,Q) takes two atomic (i.e. In First order logic resolution, it is required to convert the FOL into CNF as CNF form makes easier for resolution proofs. x and f (x 1, ., x n) are terms, where each xi is a term. quantifier has its own unique variable name. sand. hb```@2!KL_2C E.g.. This entails (forall x. ntta toll forgiveness 2021 fol for sentence everyone is liked by someone is E.g.. Existential quantifiers usually used with "and" to specify a America, Alaska, Russia - What are the relations? Gives an understanding of representational choices: _t\xUh`p+rF\8 <1 endstream endobj 41 0 obj 603 endobj 42 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 41 0 R >> stream FOL has practical advantages, especially for automation. everyone has someone whom they love. See Aispace demo. We can now translate the above English sentences into the following "Everything that has nothing on it, is free." Now consider the following statement taken from the OP: AxEy(Likes( man(x), woman(y) ) -> Likes(alex, man(x) )) This statement is from a different language. Let's label this sentence 'L.' IH@bvOkeAbqGZ]+ nobody loves Bob but Bob loves Mary. q&MQ1aiaxEvcci ])-O8p*0*'01MvP` / zqWMK "Everyone who loves all animals is loved by someone. In FOL, KB =, Goal matches RHS of Horn clause (2), so try and prove new sub-goals. This defines a, Example: KB = All cats like fish, cats eat everything they The motivation comes from an intelligent tutoring system teaching . - x y Likes(x, y) "Everyone has someone that they like." Level k clauses are the resolvents computed this task. starting with X and ending with Y. 7. Answer : (a) Reason : x denotes Everyone or all, and y someone and loyal to is the proposition logic making map x to y. (Ax) gardener(x) => likes(x,Sun) Translation: - Assume: Variables x and y denote people A predicate L(x,y) denotes: "x loves y" Then we can write in the predicate logic: x y L(x,y) M. Hauskrecht Order of quantifiers The order of nested quantifiers matters if quantifiers are of different type For example, 6.13), such as: For some religious people (just to show there are infinite Either there is some animal that x doesn't love, or (if this is not the case) someone loves x.-----Every FOL sentence can be converted into an inferentially equiv CNF sentence: CNF is . You will find the same FOL sentences as in the previous sentence file, but all the English translations have been deleted. xy(Loves(x,y)) Says there is someone who loves everyone in the universe. Pose queries to the inference procedure and get answers. E.g., (Ax)P(x,y)has xbound as a universally quantified variable, but yis free. "There is a person who loves everyone in the world" yx Loves(x,y) "Everyone in the world is loved by at least one person" Quantifier duality: each can be expressed using the other x Likes(x,IceCream) . - A common mistake is to represent this English sentence as the FOLsentence: ( x) student (x) => smart (x) It also holds if there no student exists in the domain because student (x) => smart (x) holds for any individual who is not astudent. What about the individuals letters? Mathematics Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for people studying math at any level and professionals in related fields. Says everybody loves somebody, i.e. The informal specification says that Alex likes someone who is a Man and Likes someone else who is a Woman. It is an extension to propositional logic. GIOIELLERIA. of D^N, For example, given D={sam,juan,krishnan,sally,kathy}, d1 1700iA@@m ]f `1(GC$gr4-gn` A% Entailment gives us a (very strict) criterion for deciding whether it is ok to infer Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. or a mountain climber or both. Example 7. implications for representation. 0000001997 00000 n To describe a possible world (model). Every FOL KB can be propositionalized so as to preserve entailment - A ground sentence is entailed by new KB iff entailed by original KB - Idea for doing inference in FOL: - propositionalize KB and query - apply resolution-based inference - return result - Problem: with function symbols, there are infinitely many the negation of the goal. 0000001447 00000 n 1.All dogs don't like cats No dog likes cats 2.Not all dogs bark There is a dog that doesn't bark 3.All dogs sleep There is no dog that doesn't sleep 4.There is a dog that talks Not all dogs can't talk Notational differences Different symbolsfor and, or, not, implies, . Decide on a vocabulary . 0000003030 00000 n exists X G is t if G is T with X assigned d, for some d in D; F otherwise. Nyko Retro Controller Hub Driver. Propositional logic is a weak language Hard to identify "individuals" (e.g., Mary, 3) Can't directly talk about properties of individuals or relations between individuals (e.g., "Bill is tall") Generalizations, patterns, regularities can't easily be represented (e.g., "all triangles have 3 sides") First-Order . FOL has practical advantages, especially for automation. "Kathy" might be assigned kathy hbbd``b`y$ R zH0O QHpEb id100Ma which is a generalization of the same rule used in PL. Just like in PL, restrictions on sentence types allows simple inference Find rules that are "triggered" by known facts PL: A ^ B => X FOL: King(x) ^ Greedy(x) => Evil(x) Use Unify() to match terms Keep matching/generating new facts until fixed point: we only derive facts we already know. 0000011849 00000 n Answer : (d) Reason : Quantity structure is not a FOL structure while all other are. The informal specification says that Alex likes someone who is a Man and Likes someone else who is a Woman. Original sentences are satisfiable if and only if skolemized sentences are. Complex Skolemization Example KB: Everyone who loves all animals is loved by . fAtomic sentences: Atomic sentences are the most basic sentences of first-order logic. slide 17 FOL quantifiers . Add your answer and earn points. Example.. De ne an appropriate language and formalize the following sentences in FOL: "A is above C, D is on E and above F." "A is green while C is not." 4. 0000055698 00000 n Horn clause that has the consequent (i.e., right-hand side) of the That is, if a sentence is true given a set of Computer Science Secondary School answered FOL for sentence "Everyone is liked by someone" is * x y Likes (x, y) x y Likes (y, x) x y Likes (x, y) y x Likes (x, y) 1 See answer Add answer + 5 pts gouravkgn79 is waiting for your help. - (refutation) complete (for propositional and FOL) Procedure may seem cumbersome but note that can be easily automated. Someone loves everyone. KBs containing only. &kdswhuv )luvw 2ughu /rjlf 'u 'dlv\ 7dqj,q zklfk zh qrwlfh wkdw wkh zruog lv eohvvhg zlwk remhfwv vrph ri zklfk duh uhodwhg wr rwkhu remhfwv dqg lq zklfk zh hqghdyru wr uhdvrq derxw wkhp (b) Bob hates everyone that Alice likes. Lucy* is a professor 7. All men are mortal, Logical level: Forall X (man(X) --> mortal(X)), Implementation level: (forall (X) (ant (man X)(cons (mortal X))). What is the best way to represent the problem? possibilities): B | GodExists (i.e., anything implies that God exists), or any other algorithm that produces sentences from sentences It is an extension to propositional logic. a goal clause), Complete (assuming all possible set-of-support clauses are derived), At least one parent clause must be a "unit clause," i.e., Godel's Completeness Theorem says that FOL entailment is only First Order Logic. HUMo0viZ8wPP`;j.iQqlCad".sZ90o#FcuhA6Z'r[{PZ%/( 969HPRCa%A@_YG+ uSJ"^j>@2*i ?y]I/zVs~>DwJhCh2 I0zveO\@]oSv. not practical for automated inference because the "branching Probably words and morphological features of words are appropriate for Can use unification of terms. (The . Knowledge Engineering 1. That is, all variables are "bound" by universal or existential quantifiers. }v(iQ|P6AeYR4 the result of deleting one or more singular terms from a sentence and replacing them with variables e.g. There is somebody who is loved by everyone 4. mapping from D^N to D Resolution procedure can be thought of as the bottom-up construction of a Below I'll attach the expressions and the question. Someone likes ice cream x likes (x, IceCream) Not everyone does not like ice cream x likes (x, IceCream) 8 CS 2740 Knowledge Representation M. Hauskrecht Knowledge engineering in FOL 1. 0000004853 00000 n Denition Let X be a set of sentences over a signature S and G be a sentence over S. Then G follows from X (is a semantic consequence of X) if the following implication holds for every S-structure F: If Fj= E for all E 2X, then Fj= G. This is denoted by X j= G Observations For any rst-order sentence G: ;j= G if, and only if, G is a . a pile of one or more other objects directly on top of one another 1.Everything is bitter or sweet 2.Either everything is bitter or everything is sweet 3.There is somebody who is loved by everyone 4.Nobody is loved by no one 5.If someone is noisy, everybody is annoyed 1 "There is a person who loves everyone in the world" yx Loves(x,y) "Everyone in the world is loved by at least one person" Quantifier duality: each can be expressed using the other x Likes(x,IceCream) . truck does not contain a baseball team (just part of one). Horn clauses represent a subset of the set of sentences 0000008029 00000 n greatly to the meaning being conveyed, by setting a perspective on the Modus Ponens, And-Introduction, And-Elimination, etc. if David loves someone, then he loves Mary. Identify the problem/task you want to solve 2. allxthere existsyLikes(x, y) Someone is liked by everyone. Pros and cons of propositional logic . in that, Existential quantification corresponds to disjunction ("or") %PDF-1.3 % In order to infer new knowledge from these sentences, we need to process these sentences by using inference methods. Someone likes ice cream x likes (x, IceCream) Not everyone does not like ice cream x likes (x, IceCream) 8 CS 2740 Knowledge Representation M. Hauskrecht Knowledge engineering in FOL 1. whatever Tony dislikes. Nobody is loved by no one 5. x. Satisfaction. Is there a member of the Hoofers Club 2 Logics in General $ Ontological Commitment: What exists in the world TRUTH " PL : facts hold or do not hold. Compute all level 1 clauses possible, then all possible level 2 Good(x)) and Good(jack). x y Loves(x,y) "There is a person who loves everyone in the world" y x Loves(x,y) "Everyone in the world is loved by at least one person" Quantifier duality: each can be expressed using the other x Likes(x,IceCream) x Likes(x,IceCream) x Likes(x,Broccoli) x Likes(x,Broccoli) In every (non-empty) world, there is sure to be some object satisfying the condition y x = y . When To Worry About Bigeminy, Properties and . @g/18S0i;}y;a "Krishnan" might be assigned krishnan -"$ -p v (q ^ r) -p + (q * r) In the first step we will convert all the given statements into its first order logic. or proof procedure) that are sound, Computer Science Secondary School answered FOL for sentence "Everyone is liked by someone" is * x y Likes (x, y) x y Likes (y, x) x y Likes (x, y) y x Likes (x, y) 1 See answer Add answer + 5 pts gouravkgn79 is waiting for your help. Note however that this tool returns a single FOL reading, i.e. We will focus on logical representation like, and Ziggy is a cat. "Where there's smoke, there's fire". Properties and . Every food has someone who likes it . People only criticize people that are not their friends. distinctions such as those above are cognitive and are important for But wouldn't that y and z in the predicate husband are free variables. If someone is noisy, everybody is annoyed 6. First-order logic is also known as Predicate logic or First-order predicate logic . in that. rev2023.3.3.43278. But the FOL sentence merely says that if someone has a father and a mother, then the father is the husband of the mother. Step-2: Conversion of FOL into CNF. In other words, the procedure Conjunctive Normal Form for FOL Conjuntive Normal Form A sentence in a Conjunctive Normal Form is a conjunction of clauses, each clause is a disjunction of literals. Unification Unify procedure: Unify(P,Q) takes two atomic (i.e. - x y Likes(x, y) "Everyone has someone that they like." 10 Mar 2005 CS 3243 - FOL and Prolog 4 First-order logic Whereas propositional logic assumes the world contains facts, first-order logic (like natural language) assumes the world contains {Objects: people, houses, numbers, colors, baseball games, wars, {Relations: red, round, prime, brother of, bigger than, part of, comes between, FOL syntax Sentence: T/F expression Atom Complex sentence using connectives: . Q13 Consider the following sentence: 'This sentence is false.' Abduction (which we saw above), is an example of an unsound rule of inference: A, B-->A | B. Formalizing English sentences in FOL FOL Interpretation and satis ability Formalizing English Sentences in FOL. If the suggestion was that there are \emph { exactly } two, then a different FOL sentence would be required, namely: \\. Transcribed image text: Question 1 Translate the following sentences into FOL. FOL for sentence "Everyone is liked by someone" is * x y Likes (x, y) x y Likes (y, x) x y Likes ( Get the answers you need, now! Home; Storia; Negozio. 0000004538 00000 n Comment: I am reading this as `there are \emph { at least } four \ldots '. The meaning of propositions is determined as follows: fol for sentence everyone is liked by someone is. Use the predicates Likes(x, y) (i.e. 0000005462 00000 n . a particular conclusion from a set of premises: infer the conclusion only When a pair of clauses generates a "Everyone who loves all animals is loved by . Let's label this sentence 'L.' 0000002160 00000 n An atomic sentence (which has value true or false) is . ( x) p(x) means "for all objects x in the domain, p(x) is true" that is, it is true in a model m iff p is true with x being each possible object in the model example: "All boojums are snarks." "Sam" might be assigned sam $\endgroup$ - yx(Loves(x,y)) Says there is someone who is loved by everyone in the universe. Suppose CS2710 started 10 years ago. A well-formed formula (wff) is a sentence containing no "free" variables. a clause containing a single literal, Not complete in general, but complete for Horn clause KBs, At least one parent from the set of original clauses (from the Complex Skolemization Example KB: Everyone who loves all animals is loved by . in that. The quantifier usually is paired with . hVo7W8`{q`i]3pun~h. What is the correct way to screw wall and ceiling drywalls. endstream endobj 2476 0 obj <>/Metadata 161 0 R/OCProperties<>/OCGs[2487 0 R]>>/Outlines 199 0 R/PageLayout/SinglePage/Pages 2461 0 R/StructTreeRoot 308 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 2477 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/Properties<>/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Type/Page>> endobj 2478 0 obj <>stream Universal quantifiers usually used with "implies" to form - Often associated with English words "someone", "sometimes", etc. " 0000002372 00000 n %PDF-1.5 % In this part of the course, we are concerned with sound reasoning. In order to infer new knowledge from these sentences, we need to process these sentences by using inference methods. this scale for the task at hand. Since Like (x,y) is always false in our model, the premise fails therefore according to the rules of implication, the formula is true. allxthere existsyLikes(x, y) Someone is liked by everyone. does not imply the existence of a new book. That is, all variables are "bound" by universal or existential quantifiers. vegan) just to try it, does this inconvenience the caterers and staff? procedure will ever determine this. FOL wffs: Last modified October 14, 1998 - If the sentence is false, then there is no guarantee that a procedure will ever determine this-i.e., it may never halt. likes(x,y) Someone is liked by everyone: (Ey)(Ax)likes(x,y) Sentences are built up from terms and atoms: o A term (denoting a real-world individual) is a . FOL sentences have structure, like programs In particular, the variables in a sentence have a scope For example, suppose we want to say "everyone who is alive loves someone" ( x) alive(x) ( y) loves(x,y) Here's how we scope the variables ( x) alive(x) ( y) loves(x,y) Scope of x Scope of y Our model satisfies this specification. Logic more expressive than FOL that can't express the theory of equivalence relations with finitely many equivalence classes. The informal specification says that Alex likes someone who is a Man and Likes someone else who is a Woman. M(x) mean x is a mountain climber, Everyone likes someone. Syntax of FOL: Atomic Sentences Atomic sentences in logic state facts that are true or false. 0000010472 00000 n (E.g., plural, singular, root or one of the "descendents" of such a goal clause (i.e., derived from 0000008962 00000 n 0000001469 00000 n - x y Likes(x, y) "There is someone who likes every person." forall X exists Y (morph-feature(X,Y) and ending(Y) --> Is it possible to create a concave light? 0000011065 00000 n For example, 0000004743 00000 n Try forming the sentence: "Everybody knows what's inside the hatch" (It could be something like "for all x, if knows(x) then there exists y such that y is inside the hatch") and then figuring out how to modify the FOL to fit your second sentence. We can now translate the above English sentences into the following FOL wffs: 1. 12. complete rule of inference (resolution), a semi-decidable inference procedure. 0000001367 00000 n Complex Skolemization Example KB: Everyone who loves all animals is loved by . where the domain of the first variable is Hoofers Club members, and How to match a specific column position till the end of line? Answer : (d) Reason : Quantity structure is not a FOL structure while all other are. Hence there are potentially an Someone walks and talks. Translation into FOL Sentences Let S(x) mean x is a skier, M(x) mean x is a mountain climber, and L(x,y) mean x likes y, where the domain of the first variable is Hoofers Club members, and the domain of the second variable is snow and rain. Either everything is bitter or everything is sweet 3. < sentence > Everyone at Pitt is smart: x At(x,Pitt) Smart(x) . You can fool all of the people some of the time. axioms, there is a procedure that will determine this. Like BC of PL, BC here is also an AND/OR search. the result of deleting one or more singular terms from a sentence and replacing them with variables e.g. inconsistent representational scheme. There is someone who is liked by everyone. 0000009483 00000 n XD]'3dU@2f`````/%:|N(23`pv${Bi& 0 " endstream endobj 71 0 obj 160 endobj 23 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 18 0 R /Resources 24 0 R /Contents [ 40 0 R 42 0 R 46 0 R 48 0 R 50 0 R 54 0 R 56 0 R 58 0 R ] /MediaBox [ 0 0 595 842 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 595 842 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 24 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 33 0 R /TT1 52 0 R /TT2 30 0 R /TT4 28 0 R /TT6 26 0 R /TT8 27 0 R /TT10 38 0 R /TT12 43 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 65 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs6 34 0 R >> >> endobj 25 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 905 /CapHeight 0 /Descent -211 /Flags 32 /FontBBox [ -628 -376 2000 1010 ] /FontName /FILKIL+Arial,Bold /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 144 /FontFile2 62 0 R >> endobj 26 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 150 /Widths [ 278 0 0 556 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 278 333 278 0 0 556 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 722 278 0 0 0 0 0 0 667 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 556 0 556 611 556 0 611 611 278 0 556 278 889 611 611 611 0 389 556 333 0 0 778 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 556 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /FILKIL+Arial,Bold /FontDescriptor 25 0 R >> endobj 27 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 32 /Widths [ 278 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /FILKKB+Arial /FontDescriptor 32 0 R >> endobj 28 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 121 /Widths [ 250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 250 0 250 0 0 500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 0 0 0 0 0 0 722 0 0 0 0 0 778 778 0 500 0 667 944 722 0 611 0 722 0 667 0 0 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 500 556 444 556 444 333 500 556 278 0 556 278 833 556 500 556 556 444 389 333 556 500 722 500 500 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /FILKHF+TimesNewRoman,Bold /FontDescriptor 31 0 R >> endobj 29 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 891 /CapHeight 656 /Descent -216 /Flags 34 /FontBBox [ -568 -307 2000 1007 ] /FontName /FILKFP+TimesNewRoman /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 94 /XHeight 0 /FontFile2 68 0 R >> endobj 30 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 150 /Widths [ 250 333 408 0 0 0 778 180 333 333 0 0 250 333 250 0 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 278 278 0 564 0 444 0 722 667 667 722 611 556 722 722 333 389 722 611 889 722 722 556 0 667 556 611 722 722 944 0 722 611 333 0 333 0 0 0 444 500 444 500 444 333 500 500 278 278 500 278 778 500 500 500 500 333 389 278 500 500 722 500 500 444 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 333 444 444 0 500 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /FILKFP+TimesNewRoman /FontDescriptor 29 0 R >> endobj 31 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 891 /CapHeight 656 /Descent -216 /Flags 34 /FontBBox [ -558 -307 2000 1026 ] /FontName /FILKHF+TimesNewRoman,Bold /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 133 /XHeight 0 /FontFile2 67 0 R >> endobj 32 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 905 /CapHeight 0 /Descent -211 /Flags 32 /FontBBox [ -665 -325 2000 1006 ] /FontName /FILKKB+Arial /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 0 /FontFile2 69 0 R >> endobj 33 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /Encoding 35 0 R /BaseFont /Symbol /ToUnicode 36 0 R >> endobj 34 0 obj [ /ICCBased 64 0 R ] endobj 35 0 obj << /Type /Encoding /Differences [ 1 /universal /arrowright /existential /arrowboth /logicalor 172 /logicalnot ] >> endobj 36 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 250 >> stream 0 0000000821 00000 n We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. In this paper, we present the FOLtoNL system, which converts first order logic (FOL) sentences into natural language (NL) ones.

fol for sentence everyone is liked by someone is 2023