3 Albizu founded Puerto Ricos Army of Liberation in the 1930s. America Acquires Alaska Secretary of State William Seward arranged for the purchase of Alaska from Russia Showed U. S. Imperialism Also made it clear to the rest of the world that the U. S. was becoming a world power. Not only was the occupation itself onerous, but the reconquest of those colonies by the United States was extraordinarily violent. Available also through the Library of Congress Web site as a raster image. That figure excludes secret bases and some bases smaller than ten acres. Writers, too, registered the change, as they cast about for new ways to refer to the country. If you have any questions please let me know.! The Oregon Treaty with Great Britain. "Copyright by the National Publishing Company, Boston, Mass." Gadsden Purchase. 33, Furthermore, the Japanese-occupied parts of the United States became a Pacific bloodlands. 286,541. Neil Smith, American Empire: Roosevelts Geographer and the Prelude to Globalization (Berkeley, CA, 2003), 16. To the story of the United States attempt to encompass Indians within its territorial framework should be added the story of the United States grappling with self-constituted Indian polities, on which see Brian DeLay, Indian Polities, Empire, and the History of American Foreign Relations, Diplomatic History 39, no. 47. The extraordinary maps they made showed the United States as it had become, not a contiguous mass but rather an empire with global reach. 15. <> 11 and 29; and William E. Unrau, The Rise and Fall of Indian Country, 18251855 (Lawrence, KS, 2007). 14. ), 32 Sherman's march to the sea LC Civil War maps (2nd R. O. Evans and Company - Robertson, H. C. National expansion under the Constitution; or, Despotic power versus delegated authority. Adding Texas and Vermont to the pool yields an average time-to-statehood of 42 years. 5 In my home city of Chicago, there is a public high school named after him (with an adjoining family learning center for teen parents named after Lolita Lebrn, the chief shooter in the 1954 House shootings). Alaska 1867 secretary of state William Seward buys this from Russia for 7.2 billion in gold-- called Sewards Folley Hawaii 1898 important coaling station and source of sugar, the McKinley tariff states that we have to pay tariff for sugar, so we overthrow the queen. Why has this figure, who seems so immediately fascinating, not part of mainstream U.S. historiography? 24. 52, July 27, 1951, 3; Panama Canal Zone (46): Current Population Reports , Series P-25, No. 23 In the past decade, Diplomatic History has dramatically increased its publishing on the Philippines, with an article every two or three years. The Senate approved the treaty of purchase on April 9; President Andrew Johnson signed the treaty on May 28, and Alaska was formally transferred to the United States on October 18, 1867. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, . They shot five Congressmen, nearly killing one. In 1960, the non-state population including D.C. was 2.6% and it stayed between 1% and 3% thereafter. 47. 38. United States--Territorial expansion. - 27. But moving it into the non-state column changes little. If California was one end of the spectrum, Oklahoma was the other. J. Edgar Hoover to Harry Hopkins, July 17, 1943, FBIPR Files, Pedro Albizu Campos, FBI File No. That list includes some of the most written-about figures in U.S. history: John Pershing, George C. Marshall, Douglas MacArthur, and Dwight Eisenhower. independent as Kiribati The country claimed 94 such islands . Yet annexation did take place. In 2000, the Puerto Rican Day Parade in New York was dedicated to Albizu (and to the struggle of Vieques against the U.S. Navy). The zip has the lab results and etc. Includes notes and statistics table including population and distances. <>>> Supporters of expansion denied that the United States sought to annex foreign lands. Books appeared with intriguing titles: The Greater Republic (1899), The Greater United States (1904), and seven books whose titles contained the phrase Greater America published in the decade following the 1898 war. Puerto Rican scholars have written a great deal about Albizu, who is a towering figure in Puerto Rican culture. U.S. overseas territories listed by the 1940 census. I counted all non-review articles containing the words Philippine, Philippines, Filipino, or Filipinos in their titles. This can be most clearly seen in the realm of the law. 30. 1848. Not in the sense of endorsing the Courts opinion, but in adhering to the Courts understanding about what parts of the United States are in the country and what parts arent. Cover title. This purchase ended Russia's presence in North America and ensured U.S. access to the Pacific northern rim. : The Evolution of Territoriality in American Law (Oxford, 2009); and Gerald L. Neuman and Tomiko Brown-Nagin, eds., Reconsidering the Insular Cases: The Past and Future of American Empire (Cambridge, MA, 2015). Paul V. McNutt, address at Beta Theta Pi Fraternity, November 27, 1946; McNutt, P.V., Correspondence and Speeches, 194546 folder, box 7, Office of the High Commissioner of the Philippine Islands, Records of the Washington, DC, Office, 194246, Records of the Office of Territories, Record Group 126, National Archives and Records Administration. This was a war, not over latitudes but points, in which particular spots on the mapthe Green Zone in Iraq, black-site prisons sprinkled throughout foreign countries, Guam, Guantnamo Bay, the all-important military base of Diego Garciatook on outsize significance. An acquisition occurs when a buying company . The territorial governor of Alaska, Ernest Gruening, saw it that way, and drafted a book in 1954 entitled Alaska is a Colony (never published, but held in the Ernest Gruening Papers, box 754, folder 316, Alaska and Polar Regions Department, Archives and Manuscripts, University of AlaskaFairbanks). There is a K-8 school named after him in Harlem: P.S. silhouette was completed in 1853, with the Gadsden Purchase. For a fuller picture of how colonial encounters might change larger narratives of U.S. history, consider the Second World War. It was when the Viet Minh attacked the French air base at Dien Bien Phu, which ultimately pulled the United States into the Vietnam War. Mexican Cession. In a series of cases from 1901 to 1922, known as the Insular Cases , the Supreme Court considered whether the territories were part of the United States as referred to in the Constitution, i.e., it asked whether the Constitution applied to them. organized, unincorporated U.S. territory under jurisdiction of Office of 32. 46, The War on Terror has drawn our attention to how crucial small overseas sites can be to the projection of power. We are seeing within the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations (SHAFR) a surge of interest in the many spaces that the United States has controlled outside of its mainland. For a larger overview of the Philippines during the war, the places to start are Teodoro A. Agoncillo, The Fateful Years: Japans Adventure in the Philippines (Quezon City, 1965), 2 vols., and Richard Trota Jose, ed., World War II and the Japanese Occupation (Quezon City, 2006). Yet, the U.S. census often administered different questionnaires to the colonies than to the mainland, questionnaires with incommensurable racial categories. This was not just a war to defend the sovereignty of countries in Europe and Asia. 2. 2; Rebecca Lemov on Micronesia as a social scientific laboratory in World as Laboratory: Experiments with Mice, Mazes, and Men (New York, 2005), ch. But that fact can overshadow the territorial purgatory that future states occupied for long periods. Annexation, in international law, is the forcible acquisition of one state's territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory. I am counting the time between when a territory was annexed to the United States to the time it was admitted to the Union as a state. It would be easy to round those points down to zero, just as it has been easy to round the western territories up to states. Despite a great deal of research that has been donewithin American Studies departments, within history departmentscolonized people and overseas territories still rarely feature in broad narratives about the United States. In that decade, his followers bombed numerous federal buildings (including the governors mansion) and assassinated Puerto Ricos chief of police. Boston, Small, Maynard & company, 1904. Copyright: H.C. Robertson. Following are the historical territorial acquisitions of the United States: For information on internal territorial acquisitions, see List of U.S.Native American treaties. Don't use plagiarized sources. following military victory; $15 million plus 3.25 million in assumed claims, Unincorporated territory claimed under Guano Act of 1856, Unincorporated territory annexed under Guano Act of 1856; assumed claims, Purchased from Spain for $5 million in assumed claims It would be hard to disagree with the Wisconsin-School assertion that U.S. global power rests on foundations other than territorial control. Even as presidents disavowed territorial conquest, they dropped bombs, seized markets, meddled in foreign politics, and Coca-colonized the world. But those familiar borders only held for four years. Once again, the Greater United States is coming into view. Bouda Etemad, Possessing the World: Taking the Measurements of Colonisation from the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Century , trans. Then there is the Dr. Pedro Albizu Campos High School in the mass-produced suburb of Levittown. for $10 million, plus $250,000 annually; ceded to Panama Fish and Wildlife Service, Purchased from Russia for $7.2 million; Statehood A different but compatible accounting is offered in David Vine, Base Nation: How U.S. Military Bases Abroad Harm America and the World (New York, 2015). Swains Island was annexed in 1925 (occupied since 1856), . Manua was annexed in 1904, then added to American Samoa. This was not a freak event. Revolutionary War, Purchased from France for $15 million, including Acquisitions Incorporated was an adventuring company from the Sword Coast. 3 (1933): 44874. under Adams-Ons Treaty, Purchase from Mexico following American-Mexican War; sovereign, self-governing republic, United Nations Trust Territory; in 1986 became a U.S. Histories of the United States are, by and large, histories of the logo map. 42. stream ch. The tacit assumption is that the empire didnt matter for what came next. self-governing commonwealth of the United States, Annexed following Spanish-America War; in 1950 became Congress approved the annexation of Texas on February 28, 1845. 43 These little Americas wereand arepockets of extraterritorial control scattered throughout the world. 18. See also Christina Duffy Burnett, The Edges of Empire and the Limits of Sovereignty: American Guano Islands, American Quarterly 57 (2005): 779803 and Gregory T. Cushman, Guano and the Opening of the Pacific World: A Global Ecological History (Cambridge, 2013). Baker Island Howland Island . It has to do also with something deeper: our conception of the United States. The map is color-coded to show the territory of the original United States and the Northwest Territory (1783), the Louisiana Purchase (1803), the area acquired from Britain in 1818 west of the Lake of the Woods, Florida in 1819, the annexation of Texas in 1845, the . 161. This box map, from the inside cover of the 1910 edition of Allen C. Thomas's textbook, An Elementary History of the United States (first published 1900), shows the Philippines, Alaska, Hawai'i, Guam, Wake Island, American Samoa, and Puerto Rico. I calculated 135,341,000 persons in the colonies and occupation zones and 132,481,000 in the continental United States. Annexation of independent republic. 40. Please read and follow the lab r, Internet Research Of 6 Ids And 6 Vulnerability Management And Assessment Tools 1 The reason for Oklahomas long period of territorial subjugation is that, for the majority of the nineteenth century, it wasnt Oklahoma but Indian Territory, a legally defined but unorganized all-Indian territory within the United States. (William B.) United States--History, - A key enabling move made by Williams and the Wisconsin School that continued his ideas was to refuse to limit discussion of empire to a discussion of colonies. On Indian Territory, alternatively known as Indian Country: Roy Gittinger, The Formation of the State of Oklahoma, 18031906 (Norman, OK, 1939); Francis Paul Prucha, The Great Father: The United States and the American Indians , 2 vols. The New York Puerto Rican Day Parade last summer was also dedicated to Pedro Albizu Campos. Insular Affairs of the Department of the Interior, Annexed in settlement with Britain and Germany; 26. Benedict Anderson called it the logo map. 13. The mission of the historical office is to collect, preserve, and present the history of the Office of . Acquisition may refer to: . We can see, better than we could before, how the territorial extensions of the United States matter today, and how they have mattered in the past. Arguments for U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Purchased from Spain for $20 millon following There has been an accelerating avalanche of high-profile books on U.S. overseas territory, especially the Philippines. The writers who used these terms were, by and large, champions of empire. On the Insular Cases and the legal questions of empire see especially Christina Duffy Burnett and Marshall Burke, eds., Foreign in a Domestic Sense: Puerto Rico, American Expansion, and the Constitution (Durham, NC, 2001); Christina Duffy Burnett, Untied States: American Expansion and Territorial Deannexation, University of Chicago Law Review 72 (2005): 797879; Bartholomew H. Sparrow, The Insular Cases and the Emergence of American Empire (Lawrence, KS, 2006); Kal Raustiala, Does the Constitution Follow the Flag? The promotion of Hawaii and Alaska to statehood can be seen as part of the global decolonization movement. Pdf. In the past fifty years, the Journal of American History has published one non-review article about the Philippines. organized, unincorporated U.S. territory, Annexed 1922; later airline refueling; currently Besides the above, see especially Cynthia Enloe, Bananas, Beaches, and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics (Berkeley, CA, 1990); Katharine H. S. Moon, Sex among Allies: Military Prostitution in U.S.Korea Relations (New York, 1997); McCaffrey, Military Power and Popular Protest ; Maria Hhn, GIs and Frauleins: The German-American Encounter in 1950s West Germany (Chapel Hill, NC, 2002); Ji-Yeon Yuh, Beyond the Shadow of Camptown: Korean Military Brides in America (New York, 2002); Petra Goedde, GIs and Germans: Culture, Gender, and Foreign Relations, 19451959 (New Haven, CT, 2003); Mark L. Gillem, America Town: Building the Outposts of Empire (Minneapolis, MN, 2007); Masumichi S. Inoue, Okinawa and the U.S. Military: Identity Making in the Age of Globalization (New York, 2007); Harvey Neptune, Caliban and the Yankees: Trinidad and the United States Occupation (Chapel Hill, NC, 2007); Steven High, Base Colonies in the Western Hemisphere, 19401967 (New York, 2009); Lipman, Guantnamo ; Lutz, ed., The Bases of Empire ; David Vine, Island of Shame: The Secret History of the U.S Military Base on Diego Garcia (Princeton, NJ, 2009); Maria Hhn and Seungsook Moon, eds., Over There: Living with the U.S. Military Empire from World War Two to the Present (Durham, NC, 2010); Amy Austin Holmes, Social Unrest and American Military Bases in Turkey and Germany since 1945 (Cambridge, 2014); Sasha Davis, The Empires Edge: Militarization, Resistance, and Transcending Hegemony in the Pacific (Athens, GA, 2015); and Vine, Base Nation . Sectionalism map of the united states; All rights reserved. Bicknell, Edward. On March 1, 1784, just 47 days after the Treaty of Paris granting the United States independence was ratified, Virginia ceded its claims over the area north of the Ohio River to the federal government. Summary, Has The Organization Managements Played Part In Increase In Information Risk In The Modern World 1 Nevertheless, the broad point that the continental and extra-continental populations were roughly equal holds under any reasonable accounting. Counting Negroes on the mainland, American Samoa, Hawai'i, U.S. Virgin Islands, and Alaska; nonwhites in Puerto Rico; Negro and Negro-mixed in the Panama Canal Zone; and no one in the Philippines and Guam (for which racial breakdowns were not incorporated into the U.S. census) places U.S. blacks at 8.85% of the population. But, overall, the overseas territories today contain over four million people. Its not only the Philippines. Citations are generated automatically from bibliographic data as It also added to its colonial holdings in 1947 with the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands: technically a trusteeship administered by the United States on behalf of the United Nations, but held under a unique arrangement that allowed the UN almost no effective oversight. Spanish-America War; fully independent in 1946, Annexed following Spanish-America War; currently a 28 And the annexations continued: Alaska (1867), the 189899 acquisitions (Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico, Hawaii, American Samoa), the Panama Canal Zone (1903), the Virgin Islands (1917), and the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (1947). Can we say the same about the overseas territories? On the eve of the Second World War, the United States had the worlds fifth-largest empire on the planet by population. Has the organization manage. There is another aspect of the Second World War that deserves mention. The many islands claimed by the United States but not listed in the census (all uninhabited) are not included. turkey stuffed with rice and meat; boil water advisory near me 2021 Boston, Small, Maynard & company, 1904. Some constitutional aspects of territorial expansion. endobj % only own words please, Creating A Proforma Statement Mexican Cession. Only in Hawaii, Midway, and Howland did the vagaries of the international date line place the attack on December 7th. 6. 29,670. A detailed account, based on interviews with two of the shooters, is Manuel Roig-Franzia, A Terrorist in the House, Washington Post , February 22, 2004. But those familiar borders only held for four years. 10 It is true that many of the currentinsular possessions of the United States are extraordinarily small (Wake Island: population 150; Swains Island: population 17). 20. In the span of only a few years, the United States had increased its size exponentially with the contentious annexation of Texas in 1845, the 1846 Oregon Treaty with Great Britain for half of the Oregon Country; and acquired California, Nevada, Utah, and parts of Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Wyoming as a result of the Mexican-American War endstream Acquisition: An acquisition is a corporate action in which a company buys most, if not all, of another firm's ownership stakes to assume control of it. 9. W.B. United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 1857-1904 United States positions (with date of acquiunion) 1047 Spheres of Influence By its entry into the First World War in 1917, the United States could appear on the global stage as an ideologically anti-colonial force, even though it still held a sizeable empire. Also available in digital form. Erez Manela, The Wilsonian Moment: Self-Determination and the International Origins of Anticolonial Nationalism (Oxford, 2007). Empire, Militarization, and Suburbanization and the Marshall Islands, 19441986 (Ph.D. 11 Nearly thirteen percent of its populace lived in its overseas colonies. And for the U.S. nationals who inhabited those colonies, it was a traumatic affair. Prime meridians: Washington, D.C. and London. Imperial maps are discussed in Susan Schulten, The Geographical Imagination in America, 18801950 (Chicago, IL, 2001), 3844, 17680. One might rightly ask whether, in accepting the category of the Greater United States, historians would be implicitly endorsing or naturalizing the United States empire. The literature on U.S. empire is truly voluminous. 23. 34. 1846. Interior, Leased from Panama for $10 million, plus $250,000 The more states followed Virginias lead, the larger the non-state territory grew. in 1979, United Nations Trust Territory; self-governing as Northern The maps came in two kinds: box maps, which showed the North American landmass plus the colonies arranged in boxes (as Alaska and Hawaii are usually displayed today), and world maps, with all U.S. territory highlighted in color, in the manner of British imperial maps. That is because they dramatically expose the gap between the logo map conception of the United States and the larger conception for which I am arguing. In its first twenty-five years it published only a single article on the Philippines, during which time it published three on Guatemala (one-eighth the size) and seven on France. 1 0 obj For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com. The Hart-Bolton map, published in 1917, was one of the last such maps to appear. 1, Number of Inhabitants (Washington, DC: 1942), 12.6% of the population of the Greater United States lived in the overseas territories. Sources and figures (in thousands): South Korea (17,917), the Philippines (18,228), and Japan (76,224): Maddison Project Database, January 2013 update, Groningen Growth and Development Centre, www/ggdc.net/maddison ; Hawaii (815), Alaska (138), Puerto Rico (2,071), and the U.S. Virgin Islands (27): Current Population Reports , Series P-25, No. John W. Griggs in The Insular Cases, Comprising the Records, Briefs, and Arguments of Counsel in the Insular Cases of the October Term, 1900, in the Supreme Court of the United States (Washington, DC, 1901), 363. The first sixteen chiefs of staff, until 1948, all served in the colonies. annually; ceded to Panama in 1999, Purchased from Denmark for $25 million; currently an They had even more people in the past. DOCUMENT 3 "Article I: The Government of Cuba shall never enter into any treaty or other compact with any . I have an assignment, and please dont copy any words and no plagiarism please. It comes from 189899, when the United States gutted Spains empire, claiming the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam for itself, occupying Cuba, and taking the occasion to annex the non-Spanish lands of Hawaii and American Samoa. 8. of the United States, Geography 20 Dean Kohlhoff, When the Wind Was a River: Aleut Evacuation in World War II (Seattle, WA, 1995) and Jennifer Sepez, Christina Package, Patricia E. Malcolm, and Amanda Poole, Unalaska, Alaska: Memory and Denial in the Globalization of the Aleutian Landscape, Polar Geography 30 (2007): 193209. Includes Sandwich Islands inset, world map inset, statistical tables, notes, and ill. Donald M. Seekins, Historical Setting, in Ronald E. Dolan, Philippines: A Country Study (Washington, DC: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, 1991), 41. Most U.S. historians, especially when working on the zoomed-out, textbook level, implicitly take as their unit of analysis only a part of the United States, the contiguous part. 31. I am here counting Washington, D.C., among the states, even though it is a district, not a state, and lacks the full rights that states have. Calculated from figures in Franklin K. Van Zandt, Boundaries of the United States and the Several States (Washington, DC, 1966), 26264 and Thomas Donaldson, The Public Domain: Its History, with Statistics (Washington, DC, 1884), 8788. It is tempting to think that the overseas territories can be safely dismissed in this way because they were small and remote. With that, the United States was no longer a union of states alone but an amalgam of states and territories , which it has been ever since. ^ a b c d e f g h i j World Atlas. sovereign, self-governing republic, United Nations Trust Territory; in 1994 became a This has been a common response of cities to urbanization in neighboring areas. It was but one in a long chain of violent acts undertaken by Puerto Rican nationalists under the leadership of Pedro Albizu Campos, arguably the most important domestic opponent of the U.S. empire in the twentieth century. That is, for perspective, substantially longer than the French possessed Indochina or than King Leopold and Belgium held the Congo. U.S. historians have displayed a tremendous interest in the subject of empire for a long time. (Lincoln, NE, 1984), esp. self-governing U.S. commomwealth, United Nations Trust Territory; 1986 became a Fifteen years before his famous address to the American Historical Association, the Epic of Greater America, Bolton published a series of classroom maps and an atlas with Albert Bushnell Hart. The total area of U.S. overseas bases is reported in Department of Defense, Base Structure ReportFiscal Year 2015 Baseline: A Summary of the Real Property Inventory, Washington, DC, 2015, 84. commonwealth status as Federated States of