15 pages. Social strategies. b. Parental and peer influences on childrens racial attitudes. The tendency to see members of social groups as similar to each other is particularly strong for members of outgroups, resulting in outgroup homogeneitythe tendency to view members of outgroups as more similar to each other than we see members of ingroups (Linville, Salovey, & Fischer, 1986; Ostrom & Sedikides, 1992; Meissner & Brigham, 2001). which of the following statements concerning social categorization is correct? 3 One confederate gave a correct response. c. benevolent sexism. a. d. Hispanics are neither white nor nonwhite. Which of the following was a finding in the classic study by Festinger and Carlsmith 1959 )? d. displacement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(5), 656674. a. displacement b. Which factor significantly decreased the likelihood of conformity in Solomon Asch's studies? a. stress For instance, the stereotypes (which are held by many people) that women are nurturing and that men are dominant may occur in part because, on average, men and women find themselves in different social roles within a culture (Eagly & Steffen, 1984). b. Pages 30. a. Puerto Rico d. 94; 62, Cross-cultural research on ambivalent sexism showed that: Scientists today dispute the theory that races have significant genetic differences. According to Aristotle, an argument satisfies three conditions, and "is based on certain statements made in such a way as necessarily to cause the assertion of things other than those statements . Describe the fundamental process of social categorization and its influence on thoughts, feelings, and behavior. Race and ethnicity shape internal and external perceptions of a group. Login; Register; A. d. Multiculturalism. d. Jennifer Lee, Who argued that by the 1980s the economic conditions of Blacks had become central to their life chances? b. African Americans which of the following statements concerning social categorization is correct? Perceived versus meta-analytic effect sizes: An assessment of the accuracy of gender stereotypes. Survey 2 is either a 15-statement integrity survey adapted from Becker and Ulstad's (2007) 20-statement survey or a 14-statement driving skill survey adapted from Clapp et al. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35, 2924. One indirect approach to assessing prejudice is called the bogus pipeline procedure (Jones & Sigall, 1971). c. Ireland; rural $23,550 provided by operating activities, c.$15,550 provided by operating activities, d. $42,400 provided by operating activities, e.$20,850 provided by operating activities. ), Advances in child development and behavior (Vol. B. the natural cognitive process by which we place individuals into social groups. a. In most cultures, men are more likely to be in higher-status occupations, such as doctors and lawyers, whereas women are more likely to play the role of homemakers and child-care workers. a. transference. Selected Answer: Social categorization In some cases, these beliefs may be positive, and they have the effect of making us feel more confident and thus better able to perform tasks. d. Latin America. Once the participants are convinced that the researcher is able to assess their true attitudes, it is expected that they will be more honest in answering the rest of the questions they are asked because they want to be sure that the researcher does not catch them lying. blender scale object to specific size; randolph county sheriff's report; . New York, NY: Psychology Press. Beliefs about the characteristics of the groups and the members of those groups are known as stereotypes. New York, NY: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group. (2002). c. racialization. Madon, S., Guyll, M., Aboufadel, K., Montiel, E., Smith, A., Palumbo, P., & Jussim, L. (2001). a. Ethnicity bases classification on physical features. d. scapegoating. At this point, we would probably not consider them to be acting as group members, but rather as two individuals. a. Northwestern Europe. Steve believes that immigrants are more likely to be criminal than native-born Americans. d. generalization. d. Native Americans, Which group has lived in the United States longer than all other immigrant groups besides Anglo-Saxons, yet faces the segregation and poverty that was only a transitional phase for the other groups? During the presentation, each member of the discussion group made a suggestion about how to advertise a college play. Effects of multiple task demands upon memory for information about social groups. In these procedures, participants are asked to make a series of judgments about pictures or descriptions of social groups and then to answer questions as quickly as they can, but without making mistakes. . a. create massive numbers of jobs. b. prey on women's insecurities to get them to buy advertiser's products. Psychological Bulletin, 76(5), 349364. The role of memory biases in stereotype maintenance. Which of the following statements best represents variation in racial and ethnic identification across countries? c. A federal judge concluded that gender-based stereotyping had played a role in Price Simplify the answer when possible . Generics are statements such as "tigers are striped", "a duck lays eggs", "the dodo is extinct", and "ticks carry Lyme disease". c. The New York Times now publishes announcements of same-sex weddings and commitment c. People assume that individuals in the same category share traits with one another. Which of the following statements concerning workers' compensation is NOT correct? But when the images are arranged such that the women and the strong categories are on the same side, whereas the men and the weak categories are on the other side, most participants make more errors and respond more slowly. Follow Which of the following statements concerning marketing research is incorrect? Category and stereotype activation: Is prejudice inevitable? One of the long-standing puzzles in the area of academic performance concerns why Black students perform more poorly on standardized tests, receive lower grades, and are less likely to remain in school in comparison with White students, even when other factors such as family income, parents education, and other relevant variables are controlled. Eagly, A. H., & Steffen, V. J. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell. b. discriminating. Immigrants in this example can be considered a involvement d. all of the above, Media define females, more than males, by their b. Joe Feagin Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. c. teachers and fathers were a frequent source of discouraging remarks about girls' academic d. It outlawed discrimination in the rental or purchase of homes. 1 We attribute most of what people do to the influence of situations. d. often understand it as a compliment, since it is often meant as a compliment. Southern and Eastern Europe. Studies show that discriminatory practices toward black clients in the housing market have disappeared. Mexicans in cities like Los Angeles and San Antonio end up living in segregated, high-poverty communities in which institutions, such as schools, have inferior resources and foster low expectations of their students; this situation may facilitate the categorization of Mexicans as a race. Subaccounts provide more detail on accounts in reports in a simple and straightforward way You can collapse or expand each group of accounts on reports, depending on the arrow direction next to the group Subaccount balances appear indented under the parent account on reports Subaccounts do not count . He continues to hold this belief even though he learned in school that native-born Americans are more likely to commit crime than immigrants. social class, family, football team etc.) There was just as much categorization for those who were not given any instructions as for those who were told to remember who said what. a. a. b. b. Even if many women are more emotional than are most men, not all are, and it is not right to judge any one woman as if she is. When prejudice does not pay: Effects of interracial contact on executive function. c. scapegoating The presence of these outsiders might change the direction of social categorization entirely, leading both John and Sarah to think of themselves as students at their own college. In media guides, both female and male athletes are more likely to be shown in passive, nonathletic Gonzales, P. M., Blanton, H., & Williams, K. J. c. color-blind racism, unlike overt racism, is not psychologically damaging to racial minorities. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91(6), 10661079. To set the scene, we start with Figure 1 and what we have come to recognize as a typical, perhaps even quintessential depiction of social media by newsmakers. d. Mexican Americans. (2007). Stereotyping and prejudice begin from social categorizationthe natural cognitive process by which we place individuals into social groups. d. The more extensive the changes associated with the event, the less the stress. (1993). Social categorization occurs when we think of someone as a man (versus a woman), an old person (versus a young person), a Black person (versus an Asian or White person), and so on (Allport, 1954/1979). b. Categorization is frequently based on easily identifiable attributes. A., Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. Are Hispanics white or nonwhite? A., & Shelton, J. N. (2003). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35(9), 656666. b. Puerto Ricans Question: 3 points Save Answer Question 14 Which of the following statements regarding retirement trends is correct The savings rate in the United States has consistently been decreasing over the last 30 years. Other activities can be carried out by either physicians or paramedics. Stangor, C. (1995). c. all ethnic groups in a society retain their independent and separate identities yet share equally in the rights and powers of citizenship. Steele, C. M., & Aronson, J. Bigler, R. S., & Liben, L. S. (2006). c. animal and food terms to refer to females. a. modern sexism. a. Athleticism of female athletes tends to be overemphasized. He has shared this information with his Polarized appraisals of out-group members. Which statement is an accurate characterization of the concept of race? Psychological Bulletin, 112(3), 536552. c. Few whites benefit from white privilege. C. A worker receives benefits only if the work-related injury was not his or her fault. Prejudices can be difficult to change despite contradicting evidence. a. Snyder, M., Tanke, E. D., & Berscheid, E. (1977). b. Contemporary research uses self-report methods when there is a question over people's ability to rate their attitudes accurately. After the war, Japanese families joined many Chinese immigrants in segregated Chinatowns. c. Asian Americans Chul Soo is Korean and currently lives in Seoul. b. white women . C) The more complex the category, the less likely we are to use prototype theory. Stereotype threat is not, however, absolutewe can get past it if we try. significance level. d. . a. German Americans d. depiction of female communion and male agency, Currently, nearly equal numbers of females and males appear as central characters in: Notably, the image in Figure 1 is also a stock photo supplied by one of the world's largest commercial image banks, Getty Images.As we say, newspapers and other news media outlets increasingly source their images this way, with fewer . The results of these studies, as well as other studies like them, were clear: People perceive outgroups as more homogeneous than the ingroup. The following statements concerning the thalamus are correct EXCEPT: A. Political Premier League . a. more favorably than older men d. white men, In 2016, what percent of families headed by Latina women lived in poverty? Making things even more difficult, stereotypes are strongest for the people who are in most need of changethe people who are most prejudiced (Lepore & Brown, 1997). Because the threat is in the air, Black students may be negatively influenced by it. c. Although feminists might find it objectionable, the use of male pronouns to refer to females d. Asian Americans, Alarming disparities in health and health care still exist among U.S. racial and ethnic groups. b. prejudice 1 It occurs without conscious awareness. Which factor is LEAST likely to explain IQ differences between Blacks and whites? 1 He made a situational attribution. Immigrants in this example can be considered a diffusion of ability, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson. Immigrants to the United States from 1820 to 1880 were mostly from a. the social categorization perspective. The IMA's Statement of Ethical Professional Practice includes all but which of the following broad categories? During the year, the following transactions occurred. d. Middle Easterners are nonwhite and North Africans are white. II. None of these choices. This is an example of c. The availability of social support decreases our ability to cope successfully with change. b. Puerto Rican Americans 20 Psychological Science, 14(5), 516519. a. Whites acknowledge they have privilege. Which group has the highest rate of hypertension? C. holding a stereotype b. women under age 35; women over age 35 The pet store owners discover that the power will not be restored for many days. Introduction The Philippines has more than 111 dialects spoken, owing to the subdivisions of these basic regional and cultural groups. Just as we categorize objects into different types, so we categorize people according to their social group memberships. b. benevolent; hostile White women over age 35 Linville, P. W., & Jones, E. E. (1980). Even groups who typically enjoy advantaged social status can be made to experience stereotype threat. A Immigrants are sometimes blamed for low wages. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 797811. d. "Pioneers moved West, taking their wives and children. b. unintelligent What were the "black codes"? men earned the money, while ___ percent expressed this view in 2002. c. the biological inferiority of blacks d. a, b, and c, There is a greater underrepresentation of ____________ than ___________ in movies and Every dialect comprises distinctive accents that reflect on their unique background as a member of the society. A superordinate goal is one that is common to two or more groups and requires the cooperation of each group to accomplish. Stangor, C., Lynch, L., Duan, C., & Glass, B. If you found yourself lost in a city, you might look for a police officer or a taxi driver to help you find your way. (c) Prepare the stockholders equity section of the balance sheet at December 31. x+13=2(x23)6xx+\frac{1}{3}=2\left(x-\frac{2}{3}\right)-6 x Ostrom, T. M., & Sedikides, C. (1992). 1.) d. Whites may often benefit from it without even realizing it. Stereotypes may influence our performance on important tasks through stereotype threat. There are clear-cut physical differences between races. d. none of the above. d. Donald Trump's presidency is seen as a new era of overt racism. d. Neither of the above, The birth congratulations card study found that On the affective side, stereotype threat creates stress as well as a variety of affective responses including anxiety (Schmader, Johns, & Forbes, 2008). Research evidence indicates that people view women and men who are employed as more agentic doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2009.09.014. Which of the following statements about social categorization is incorrect?A) Social categorization assigns individuals to categories based on common characteristics. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(5), 808817. ", Which of the following is an example of spotlighting? Which of the following minority groups is the largest? In the end, stereotypes become self-fulfilling prophecies, such that our expectations about the group members make the stereotypes come true (Snyder, Tanke, & Berscheid, 1977; Word, Zanna, & Cooper, 1974). a. Mrs. Jane Sullivan c. Cuban Americans b. laws limiting the rights of blacks in the South during the Civil War c. In explaining racial inequality between Blacks and whites, class disadvantages are more significant than racism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(2), 229241. A white person tells an Asian American person that they "speak good English." Reggie goes to a private academy and plays on the varsity basketball team. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 4(10), 807820. d. Elijah Anderson. In J. F. Dovidio & S. L. Gaertner (Eds. a. According to the text, gender stereotypes: Research on gender stereotypes shows that college students and faculty view: Studies show that college students and faculty view the ideal woman as having: According to available research, which of the following ethnic groups engages in less gender. b. Donald Trump expresses the kind of racism that is typical in contemporary American politics. In this sense, the stereotypes are at least partly true for many of the members of the social category, in terms of their actual behaviors. c. Southern Europe. Stereotype accuracy: Toward appreciating group differences. Because Asian students are aware of the stereotype that Asians are good at math, reminding them of this fact before they take a difficult math test can improve their performance on the test (Walton & Cohen, 2003). c. antimiscegenation 3 Two tennis players become good friends. A researcher sends two sets of Hispanic undergraduates out to interact with others and find out how people stigmatize one of two conditions: a student who speaks limited English or a student who is clearly fluent in English. social loafing d. discrimination, A white applicant who was rejected by a prestigious university argues that she was not admitted because racial minorities were given special advantages in the application process. However, halfway through the project, he realized that no one seemed to be completing their assigned tasks, which led him to complete more than his share of the work. d. 26 percent; 18 percent. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(2), 275287. At the last second, one of Reggie's teammates misses a shot that costs his team the game. San Diego, CA: Elsevier. c. racializing. In one study assessing stereotypes, Stephanie Madon and her colleagues (Madon et al., 2001) presented U.S. college students with a list of 84 trait terms and asked them to indicate for which groups each trait seemed appropriate (Figure 12.6 Current Stereotypes Held by College Students). Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25(2), 215224. The terms "hag," "wicked old witch" and "old maid" are examples of: Which of the following statements about TV depiction of older adults is/are true? (1978). Yzerbyt, V., Schadron, G., Leyens, J., & Rocher, S. (1994). A company uses the indirect method to determine its cash flows from operating activities. a. Race and ethnicity are both forms of social categorization. b. d. honesty is one trait more strongly associated with working-class than middle-class women. 26 percent; 6 percent a. Authoritarianism is not a characteristic of personality but reflects the values and norms of particular subcultures within the wider society. c. Many Japanese immigrants went on to become activists in the desegregation movement. And stereotypes become difficult to change because they are so important to usthey become an integral and important part of our everyday lives in our culture. Factor analytic approaches suggest that these data reflect the influence of a . 1.1 Defining Social Psychology: History and Principles, 1.3 Conducting Research in Social Psychology, 2.3 Thinking Like a Social Psychologist About Social Cognition, 3.1 Moods and Emotions in Our Social Lives, 3.3 How to Feel Better: Coping With Negative Emotions, 3.4 Thinking Like a Social Psychologist About Social Affect, 4.3 The Social Self: The Role of the Social Situation, 4.4 Thinking Like a Social Psychologist About the Self, 5.2 Changing Attitudes Through Persuasion, 5.3 Changing Attitudes by Changing Behavior, 5.4 Thinking Like a Social Psychologist About Attitudes, Behavior, and Persuasion, 6.2 Inferring Dispositions Using Causal Attribution, 6.3 Individual and Cultural Differences in Person Perception, 6.4 Thinking Like a Social Psychologist About Person Perception, 7.3 Person, Gender, and Cultural Differences in Conformity, 7.4 Thinking Like a Social Psychologist About Conformity, 8.2 Close Relationships: Liking and Loving Over the Long Term, 8.3 Thinking Like a Social Psychologist About Liking and Loving, 9.1 Understanding Altruism: Self and Other Concerns, 9.2 The Role of Affect: Moods and Emotions, 9.3 How the Social Context Influences Helping, 9.5 Thinking Like a Social Psychologist About Altruism, 10.2 The Biological and Emotional Causes of Aggression, 10.3 The Violence Around Us: How the Social Situation Influences Aggression, 10.4 Personal and Cultural Influences on Aggression, 10.5 Thinking Like a Social Psychologist About Aggression, 11.2 Group Process: The Pluses and Minuses of Working Together, 11.4 Thinking Like a Social Psychologist About Social Groups, 12.1 Social Categorization and Stereotyping, 12.4 Thinking Like a Social Psychologist About Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination, 13.1 Conflict, Cooperation, Morality, and Fairness, 13.2 How the Social Situation Creates Conflict: The Role of Social Dilemmas, 13.3 Strategies for Producing Cooperation, 13.4 Thinking Like a Social Psychologist About Cooperation and Competition. abilities d) Secondary research is cheaper than primary research. Furthermore, aspects of language, such as accent, play a crucial role in the . b. Now, rather than perceiving themselves as members of two different groups (men versus women), John and Sarah might suddenly perceive themselves as members of the same social category (students at their college). b. diminutive suffixes for female terms. women. a. Latina women "The typical job applicant worries about his chances of getting the job." Stereotyping others is simply unfair. c. Authoritarianism reflects patterns of thought in general rather than a particular personality type. ceremonies Lee, Y. T., Jussim, L. J., & McCauley, C. R. (1995). In 2019, approximately 53.6 million metric tons of electronic and electric waste (e-waste) was generated globally, and according to some estimations the annual amount of e-waste will exceed 74 million metric tons by 2030 (Forti et al., 2020: 23).Branded as a solution, the circular economy promises to "design out" waste and keep products and materials in circulation through optimized . Parents tend to see their newborns as unique and do not apply gender stereotypes to them. which of the following statements concerning social categorization is correct? Do you hold implicit prejudices? The Implicit Association Test at age 7: A methodological and conceptual review. Stangor, C., & Duan, C. (1991). Stereotype threat and the intellectual performance of African Americans. You may remember the word "stratification" from geology class. Which statement about Theodor Adorno's research would Adorno most agree with? Brown, R., Croizet, J.-C., Bohner, G., Fournet, M., & Payne, A. b. higher rates of known health risks Because men are more likely to be leaders than are women, they may well be, on average, more dominant; and because women are more likely to take care of children, they may, on average, act in a more nurturing way than do men. The point at which operating income is equal to $0. Attitude formation is the result of a number of influences. Confidentiality c. Integrity. d. Black men and women, In understanding the racial disparity in maternal health care between Black and white women, what factor is most directly associated with the cumulative effects of institutional and everyday racial discrimination that Black women face? \. Of course, you may think that you personally do not behave in these ways, and you may not. In K. R. Wenzel & A. Wigfield (Eds. 3 "I did a bad job because I'm inept." Her case was appealed to the Supreme Court. 1 The task difficulty was increased. Rising to the threat: Reducing stereotype threat by reframing the threat as a challenge. Prejudice based on socially significant physical distinctions is known as. 13 percent; 3 percent Alec was excited that he made it to the finals in swimming. The result? b. b. require welfare recipients to work. a. women over age 35; women under age 35 b. Martin Luther King Jr. performance on cognitive tasks than does _____ sexism. 4 The participants were given two chances at responding. Which of the following statements concerning prejudice is not true? Which of the following is not true of Ann Hopkins' legal battle? highly achievement-oriented, independent and ambitious. Social psychology is the scientific study of how a person's behavior, thoughts, and feelings are influenced by _______. Even 5-year-old children have learned cultural norms about the appropriate activities and behaviors for boys and girls and also have developed stereotypes about age, race, and physical attractiveness (Bigler & Liben, 2006). Which group of Americans has the highest college graduation rate? Aronson, J., Lustina, M. J., Good, C., Keough, K., & Steele, C. M. (1999). What is important is to reduce the self-concern that is engaged when we consider the relevant negative stereotypes. b. Latinas In fact, just knowing that stereotype threat exists and may influence performance can help alleviate its negative impact (Johns, Schmader, & Martens, 2005). Linnaeus assumed that each subgroup An example of a superordinate goal would be two individuals who want to move a heavy couch out of their apartment. On the other hand, we sometimes categorize others not because it seems to provide more information about them but because we may not have the time (or the motivation) to do anything more thorough. "The fund-raising committee chairman suggested that the group sponsor a raffle." d. Native Americans. Because our stereotypes are activated spontaneously when we think about members of different social groups, it is possible to use reaction-time measures to assess this activation and thus to learn about peoples stereotypes and prejudices. B. Healthy-minded individuals can be coerced into demonstrating unlikely behaviors. c. social role theory. According to the U.S. Census, are people with origins in the Middle East and North Africa white? Bias against people because of their disabilities is known as: c. Although adults apply gender stereotypes to children, these stereotypes are different from the Because they hold these beliefs, it is possiblealthough not guaranteedthat they may use them when responding to other people, creating a subtle and unconscious type of discrimination. In recent years gay and lesbian characters increasingly have been featured in mainstream TV, c. It outlawed discriminatory voting practices. d. Authoritarianism reflects patterns of thought in general as well as the values and norms of particular subcultures within the wider society. d. benevolent sexism and hostile sexism. c. poverty Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 27(4), 357378. b. A man cuts in front of the line and drops his items on the counter. c. increase tax breaks to Black churches. a. c. In the 2000 Olympics, women who competed in sports involving power or physical contact Stereotypes and prejudice may create discrimination. The State of Tennessee v. John Thomas Scopes In explaining racial inequality between Blacks and whites, gender disadvantages are more significant than racism. xiyi132735411514. The outcome is that the stereotypes become linked to the group itself in a set of mental representations (Figure 12.5). b) Secondary research is done after primary research. Tetlock, P. E., & Mitchell, G. (2008). (2005). If police officers were actually not that knowledgeable about the city layout, then using this categorization would not be informative. Which of the following statements concerning social categorization is CORRECT? d. modern sexism. Furthermore, attempting to prevent our stereotype from coloring our reactions to others takes effort. Dwayne b. In short, stereotypes and prejudice are powerful largely because they are important social norms that are part of our culture (Guimond, 2000). Stereotypes are often easy to change when there is evidence that contradicts a belief. Review the ways that stereotypes influence our behavior. d. poor diet. The effects of stereotype threat and double-minority status on the test performance of Latino women. b. benevolent sexism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(1), 522. c. Africa. It outlawed the racial segregation of lunch counters and other public places. Which of the following statements about categorization is most correct? b. poses than in active poses. d. ethnicity. b. c. from 1986 to 2008 b. Ms. Jane Sullivan The woman is the mother of a 2-year-old boy. language is/are correct? a. laws limiting the rights of blacks in the South after the Civil War b. male generic language. This multiplicity of causes is unfortunate because it makes stereotypes and prejudices even more likely to form and harder to change.